Groups that were involved in the slavery of Africans have had statues, flags, and symbols removed.
What groups were most involved in slavery?
The U.S. House of Representatives passed a bill, June 29, 2021, to removed statues of pro-slavery Democrats from the U.S. Capital.
House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy explained:
"All of the statues being removed by this bill are statues of Democrats."
Another group which had been involved in the slavery of Africans is sharia Islam.
The majority of Muslims are moderate, but others follow sharia, which defends the right to own slaves.
Many hadiths describe Mohammed as a white Arab who owned African slaves.
Hadith al-Bukhari, Vol. 1, Book 3, No. 63: “'Who amongst you is Muhammad?' At that time the Prophet was sitting amongst us leaning on his arm. We replied, 'This white man reclining on his arm.'”
Hadith al-Bukhari, Vol. 4, Book 56, No. 744: “'I saw the Prophet, and Al-Hasan bin Ali resembled him.' I said to Abu-Juhaifa, 'Describe him for me.' He said, 'He was white and his beard was black with some white hair.'”
Hadith al-Bukhari, Vol. 2, Book 17, No. 141: "The Prophet never raised his hands for any invocation except for that of Istisqa’ and he used to raise them so much that the whiteness of his armpits became visible."
Hadith al-Bukhari, Vol. 1, Book 8, No. 367: "The Prophet rode and Abu Talha rode too and I was riding behind Abu Talha. The Prophet passed through the lane of Khaibar quickly and my knee was touching the thigh of the Prophet. He uncovered his thigh and I saw the whiteness of the thigh of the Prophet."
Hadith al-Bukhari, Vol. 2, Book 17, No. 122: “I heard Ibn ‘Umar reciting the poetic verses of Abu Talib: And a white (person) (i.e. the Prophet) who is requested to pray for rain.”
Will Durant wrote in The Age of Faith (1950):
"Mohammed lived with Khadija ... She bore him some daughters, of whom the most famous was Fatima, and two sons who died in infancy. He consoled his grief by adopting Ali, the orphan son of Abu Talib ...
Ali, who married Fatima, fondly describes his adoptive father at forty-five as of middle stature, neither tall nor short. His complexion was rosy white; his eyes black; his hair, thick, brilliant, and beautiful, fell to his shoulders."
Hadith al-Bukhari, Vol. 9, Book 91, No. 368:
“I came and behold, Allah’s Apostle was staying on a Mashroba (attic room) and a black slave of Allah’s Apostle was at the top of its stairs. I said to him, '(Tell the Prophet) that here is ‘Umar bin Al-Khattab (asking for permission to enter).' Then he admitted me."
Syrian Islamic jurist, Ibn Qayyim al Jawiyya (1292–1293), wrote in Zad al-Ma’ad (part 1, page 114, 116, 160), of Mohammed’s black slaves, Bilal, Abu Hurairah, Usamah Ebn Zaayed, Rabbah:
“Muhammad had many male and female slaves. He used to buy and sell them, but he purchased more than he sold, especially after God empowered him by his message, as well as after his immigration from Mecca. He once sold one black slave for two. His name was Jacob al-Mudbir.”
Hadith al-Bukhari, Vol. 4, Book 52, No. 137: "The Prophet said, 'Let the black slave of Dinar perish. And if he is pierced with a thorn, let him not find anyone to take it out for him ... If he [the black slave] asks for anything it shall not be granted, and if he needs intercession [to get into paradise], his intercession will be denied.”
Hadith al-Bukhari, Vol. 9, Book 89, No. 256: "Allah’s Apostle said, 'You should listen to and obey your ruler even if he was an Ethiopian (black) slave whose head looks like a raisin.”
The Arabic word "Abd" or "Abeed" is used for both "black person" and "slave."
Beginning in 622 AD, the next 1,400 years saw an estimated 180 million Africans enslaved in sharia Islamic countries.
Only by international pressure did Yemen and Saudi Arabia nominally end slavery in 1962, and as recently as 1980 for Mauritania.
Fundamentalist sharia groups, such as ISIS, have continued unreported slavery.
Ironically, those in Western nations who claim to care about black lives and demand reparations for past slavery are strangely silent about present-day black lives being put into slavery by sharia groups like Boko Haram in African countries such as Nigeria, Cameroon, Niger, Chad, and Mali.
During the 16th-18th centuries, about 11 million Africans were purchased largely from sharia Muslim slave markets, and transported to the Western Hemisphere.
Most were bought by Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch and brought to Brazil, Cuba, and the Caribbean Islands to work on sugar, coffee and cocoa plantations.
Only 500,000 were brought to North America, and predominately worked on cotton plantations.
By the time of the Civil War, the slave population in the United States had grown to four million.
The two major political parties in America were Democrats and Whigs.
The Democrat Party was pro-choice regarding slavery, similar to sharia countries, wanting to protect a slave owner's choice as to whether or not to own a slave.
The other major political party in America was the Whigs, taking their name from the party in Britain who opposed the absolute power of the king.
Though many Whigs were against slavery, they took a weak stance, wanting to be a big tent party in order to keep members from defecting to other parties, such as the Free Soil Party or the Know-Nothing Party.
The abolitionist movement was pioneered:
- not by sharia Caliphs in Arabia;
- nor by Hindu Brahman in India;
- nor by Czars of Russia;
- nor by Ottoman Sultans in Turkey;
- nor by Ashanti chieftains in Ghana;
- nor by Aztec or Inca Emperors in the Americas;
- nor by Emperors of Chinese Dynasties: Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Wei, Shu, Wu, Jin, Sui, Tang, Wu Zhou, Liao, Song, Jin, Xia, Liao, Yuan, Ming, or Qing.
The abolitionist movement to end slavery was pioneered predominately by Christian groups in America, most notably Quakers, Methodists, and Second Great Awakening preachers, and Christian groups in England, led by John Newton and William Wilberforce.
Methodist founder John Wesley, in his Thoughts Upon Slavery, 1773, preached against:
"... that detestable trade of man-stealing ... I come back to the same point; better no trade, than trade procured by villany. It is far better to have no wealth, than to gain wealth, at the expense of virtue. Better is honest poverty, than all the riches brought by the tears, and sweat, and blood of our fellow-creatures."
Powerful anti-slavery voices included preachers of the Second Great Awakening Revival, such as Charles Finney.
Finney stated (Charles G. Finney, Memoirs, NY: A.S. Barnes, 1876, p 185-188; 324):
"I had made up my mind on the question of slavery, and was exceedingly anxious to arouse public attention to the subject ... In my prayers and preaching, I so often alluded to slavery, and denounced it, that a considerable excitement came to exist among the people.”
Finney was President of Oberlin College, where Mary Jane Patterson became the first black woman to graduate from college.
In 1850, the Democrat-controlled U.S. Congress passed the infamous Fugitive Slave Act, signed by Democrat President Millard Fillmore.
This mandated that if a runaway slave escaped to the North, the Federal government demanded citizens obey a Federal Law to capture him and return him to his Southern slave owner.
It was pushed through by Democrat politicians Speaker Howell Cobb and Senate President William King.
The Fugitive Slave Act put the slavery issue squarely in the face of the anti-slavery North, whereas before it was considered mainly as an issue occurring on Southern plantations.
The Fugitive Slave Law imposed severe penalties on those who aided escaped slaves with food or shelter in their passage to freedom in Michigan or Canada.
It also made it a federal crime to interfere with the slave catchers' recovery of runaway slaves.
A person could be held criminally liable, fined $1,000 and imprisoned for six months if they failed to report a neighbor suspected of helping slaves.
The Fugitive Slave Law intensified sectional animosity, provoking the Civil War.
It required citizens who were against slavery to violate their consciences and affirm slavery, and even engage in enforcing it.
Burgess Owens was quoted in Yahoo Sports, June 19, 2019, "Former NFL player on reparations: 'How about the Democratic Party pay'":
"(On) the concept of reparations ... Burgess Owens, formerly of the Jets and Raiders, spoke during hearings for H.R. 40 ...
'I used to be a Democrat until I did my history and found the misery that party brought to my race ... Let's pay restitution. How about the Democratic Party pay for all the misery brought to my race?'"
In 1854, Joshua Glover, a runaway slave from St. Louis, made it to Wisconsin.
On March 11, 1854, he was caught and put in jail to be sent back South into slavery.
An estimated 5,000 white Wisconsin citizens stormed the jail on Saturday, March 18, 1854, and freed the black man, Joshua Glover.
This was reported in the Sauk County Standard, Baraboo, Wisconsin, March 22, 1854, Wed, Page 2.
A historical marker records:
"Joshua Glover was a runaway slave who sought freedom in Racine.
In 1854, his Missouri owner used the Fugitive Slave Act to apprehend him.
This 1850 law permitted slave catchers to cross state lines to capture escaped slaves. Glover was taken to Milwaukee and imprisoned.
... Word spread about Glover's incarceration and a great crowd gathered around the jail demanding his release.
They beat down the jail door and released Joshua Glover.
He was eventually escorted to Canada and safety.
... The Glover incident helped galvanize abolitionist sentiment in Wisconsin.
This case eventually led the state supreme court to defy the federal government by declaring the Fugitive Slave Act unconstitutional."
Two days after freeing Joshua Glover, anti-slavery Wisconsin citizens met in a schoolhouse on March 20, 1854, in Ripon, Wisconsin, to form an anti-slavery party.
It was named the Republican Party.
Anti-slavery activists organized the Republican Party in other states, aided by pietistic Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Methodists, and Scandinavian Lutherans.
- Michigan, which held the first state Republican convention, July 6, 1854;
- Indiana's first Republican "Peoples' Convention," led by Henry S. Lane, was July 13, 1854;
- Ohio's first "Anti-Slavery in Nebraska" Republican Convention, March 22, 1854;
- New York Republican Party, established 1855;
The first National Republican Convention met in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, February 22, 1856, and called Americans to:
"resist and overthrow the present National Administration (Democrat President Franklin Pierce) as it is identified with the progress of the slave power to national supremacy."
The Republican Party's first Presidential Nominating Convention was in Philadelphia, June 17-19, 1856, selecting Senator John C. Frémont of California.
There the original Republican platform was adopted June 18, 1856, being the first political party in history to have the abolition of slavery in its official party platform:
"This Convention of Delegates ... are opposed to ... the extension of Slavery into Free Territory ...
With our Republican fathers, we hold it to be a self-evident truth, that all men are endowed with the inalienable right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and that the primary object and ulterior design of our Federal Government were to secure these rights to all persons ...
Our Republican fathers ... abolished slavery in all our National Territory (Northwest Ordinance) ...
It becomes our duty to maintain this provision ... against all attempts to violate it for the purpose of establishing Slavery ... We deny the authority of Congress ... to give legal existence to slavery ...
It is both the right and the imperative duty of Congress to prohibit in the Territories those twin relics of barbarism—Polygamy, and Slavery."
Democrat Senator Jefferson Davis from Mississippi became the President of the Confederacy. He stated:
"African slavery, as it exists in the United States, is a moral, a social, and a political blessing."
Abraham Lincoln, a Republican, stated in Springfield, Illinois, June 26, 1857:
"Two weeks ago Judge Douglas spoke here on the ... Dred Scott decision ... He finds the Republicans insisting that the Declaration of Independence includes ALL men, black as well as white ... He boldly denies that it includes Negroes ... I protest against that ...
Chief Justice Taney, in his opinion in the Dred Scott case, admits that the language of the Declaration is broad enough to include the whole human family, but he and Judge Douglas argue that the authors of that instrument did not intend to include Negroes ...
I think the authors of that noble instrument intended to include all men ... Dred Scott, his wife and two daughters were all involved in the suit ... Judge Douglas is delighted to have them decided to be slaves ..."
Lincoln continued:
"How differently the respective courses of the Democratic and Republican parties ...
Republicans inculcate ... that the Negro is a man; that his bondage is cruelly wrong ...
Democrats deny his manhood; deny, or dwarf to insignificance, the wrong of his bondage; so far as possible, crush all sympathy for him, and cultivate and excite hatred and disgust against him."
Lincoln became the 16th President in 1861. He addressed the Indiana Regiment, March 17, 1865:
"Whenever I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally."
Lincoln proclaimed in his Gettysburg Address, November 19, 1863:
"Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure."
General Ulysses S. Grant, who later was a Republican President, recalled in 1878 his thoughts when he heard the Civil War had started:
"As soon as slavery fired upon the flag it was felt, we all felt ... that slavery must be destroyed. We felt that it was a stain to the Union that men should be bought and sold like cattle."
Booker T. Washington wrote in The Story of My Life and Work, 1901:
"So far as I can now recall, the first knowledge that I got of the fact that we were slaves, and that freedom of the slaves was being discussed, was early one morning before day, when I was awakened by my mother kneeling over her children and fervently praying that Lincoln and his armies might be successful, and that one day she and her children might be free."
In 1860, Republican Abraham Lincoln explained in his famous Cooper Union address, the Democrat use of psychological projection, where they blame their opponents of what they are guilty of:
"When you speak of us Republicans, you do so only to denounce us as reptiles, or, at the best, as no better than outlaws. You will grant a hearing to pirates or murderers, but nothing like it to 'Black Republicans' ...
But you will not abide the election of a Republican president! In that supposed event, you say, you will destroy the Union; and then, you say, the great crime of having destroyed it will be upon us!
That is cool. A highwayman holds a pistol to my ear, and mutters through his teeth, 'Stand and deliver, or I shall kill you, and then you will be a murderer!'"
Prior to the Civil War, America was divided geographically between:
- Radical Republican North, which said slavery is wrong, end it now. This included abolitionist societies, the Underground Railroad, anti-slavery preachers and, unfortunately, the fringe John Brown who took guns and killed slave owners.
- Moderate Republican North, which said slavery is wrong, but the country should transition out of it slowly over time.
- Practical Neutral, which cared less about the value of human life, being more interested in jobs, wages, economy and tax-tariff issues.
- Moderate Democratic South, which said slavery may be wrong, but the country has to live with it. Though personally against slavery, they believed the right to own slaves should be protected, just made rare and few, and treat slaves humanely.
- Extreme Democratic South, which said slavery is good and should be expanded into Western states. They tried to justify it by twisting Scriptures, citing that Abraham owned slaves but ignoring Jesus' teaching to "do unto others as you would have them do unto you."
New territories were added to the United States, and there was a rush to bring them into the Union as either slave states or free states:
- 1803, Louisiana Territory, 827,987 square miles;
- 1819, Florida, 72,101 sq. mi.;
- 1845, Texas, 389,166 sq. mi.;
- 1846, Oregon Territory, 286,541 sq. mi.;
- 1848, Mexican Cession, 529,189 sq. mi.; and
- 1853, Gadsden Purchase, 29,670 sq. mi.
Though the importation of slaves into America was outlawed in 1807, the question arose, should slavery be extended to these new lands coming into the Union?
Futile attempts were made to reconcile the tensions with "The Missouri Compromise of 1820" and "The Compromise of 1850."
Congress made the situation worse in 1854 by passing Democrat Sen. Stephen Douglas' Kansas-Nebraska Bill, which let inhabitants in those territories have the freedom of choice to decide if they wanted to own slaves.
It prescribed "dividing the land into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska, and leaving the question of slavery to be decided by the settlers."
Instead of gradually diminishing, as many founders had hoped, slavery was now expanding.
Pro-slavery Democrats rushed west in order to have Kansas enter the Union as a new slave state.
The violence this caused was referred to as "Bleeding Kansas."
On March 6. 1857, the Supreme Court, with 7 of the 9 justices being Democrats, rendered the Dred Scott decision.
Hoping to settle the slavery issue once and for all, their efforts to avoid a civil war actually precipitated it.
Dred Scott was a slave who had been taken by his master to Illinois and Wisconsin, but, as he was not allowed to learn to read, he was unaware that those territories forbade slavery.
When he returned to Missouri, Scott sued for freedom with the help of abolitionist friends, such as Henry Blow, a Republican congressman whose wife started the first kindergarten in the United States.
Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney, appointed by a Democrat President, rendered the decision that Dred Scott was not a citizen, but property that belonged to his owner, writing that slaves were:
"... so far inferior ... that the Negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery for their own benefit."
Leaders rose up in churches, media and politics.
Some states defied the federal government's Fugitive Slave Law mandate by passing "personal liberty laws," effectively nullifying it.
Communities insisted on jury trials before alleged fugitive slaves could be taken away by federal authorities. Some juries refused to convict those indicted.
Other communities forbade local law enforcement officials from using their jails to hold the accused.
A famous anti-slavery preacher was Henry Ward Beecher, brother of Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of famous anti-slavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin.
President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation under questionable Constitutional authority.
The issues was settled by passage of the 13th Amendment, officially ending slavery.
Every Republican in the House (86) and Senate (30) voted for it, joined only by a few Democrats in the Senate (4) and House (15).
The Tuskegee Institute recorded that between 1882 and 1968 there were 3,446 Blacks lynched.
In addition, there were 1,297 whites lynched, many of whom were white "radical" Republicans who had gone down to the South to register freed Blacks to vote.
The party differences continued.
Republican President Theodore Roosevelt hosting the first black man to have dinner in the White House, Booker T. Washington in 1901.
Democrat President Woodrow Wilson hosting a showing of a KKK film in the White House in 1915.
Republican President Eisenhower integrated schools, sending Federal troops south to escort black students to class in 1957.
Democrat Governor George Wallace demanded racial segregation in schools in 1963.
Republican Vice-President Richard Nixon championed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and as President integrated of schools nationally.
Democrat President Lyndon Johnson did the big switch from intimidation to entitlement as political tactics to control black voters, instituting his Great Society Welfare programs that destroyed black families.
Republican President Trump reduced black unemployment to the lowest number in U.S. history.
After reviewing calls to ban Confederate flags, remove statues, and erase symbols of past slavery, the question is proposed, should there also be calls to ban the Democrat Donkey and the sharia Crescent, as both of those groups have a history of enslaving blacks?
As previously stated, the original Republican party platform was to:
"to prohibit ... those twin relics of barbarism: POLYGAMY and slavery."
Polygamy was an attack on the traditional nuclear family, which was occurring in the Utah Territory.
It is interesting that modern-day BLM founders, trans-activists Alicia Garza, Patrisse Khan-Cullers, Opal Tometi, also attack the nuclear family, as stated on their website under the heading "What We Believe" (accessed 6/26/20):
"We disrupt the Western-prescribed nuclear family structure requirement by supporting each other as extended families and 'villages' that collectively care for one another, especially our children ...
... We make space for transgender ... to dismantle cisgender privilege and uplift ... trans folk, especially ... trans women ...
We foster a queer‐affirming network ... with the intention of freeing ourselves from the tight grip of heteronormative thinking, or rather, the belief that all in the world are heterosexual (unless s/he or they disclose otherwise)."
The Republican Party defended the natural heterosexual definition of marriage as being between one man and one woman.
Republican President Abraham Lincoln signed the Anti-Bigamy/Polygamy Act of 1862.
Those attempting to redefine sex and marriage were denounced by Republican President Ulysses S. Grant, December 4, 1871:
"In Utah there still remains a remnant of barbarism, repugnant to civilization, to decency, and to the laws of the United States ...
Neither polygamy nor any other violation of existing statutes will be permitted ... They will not be permitted to violate the laws under the cloak of religion."
On December 7, 1875, President Grant stated:
"In nearly every annual message ... I have called attention to the... scandalous condition of affairs existing in the Territory of Utah, and have asked for definite legislation to correct it ...
... That polygamy should exist in a free, enlightened, and Christian country, without the power to punish so flagrant a crime against decency and morality, seems preposterous ...
As an institution polygamy should be banished from the land ...
I deem of vital importance to ... drive out licensed immorality, such as polygamy and the importation of women for illegitimate purposes."
Republican President Rutherford B. Hayes stated, December 1, 1879:
"Polygamy is condemned as a crime by the laws of all civilized communities throughout the world."
Republican President Hayes stated December 6, 1880:
"The SANCTITY OF MARRIAGE and the FAMILY relation are the cornerstone of our American society and civilization."
Republican President James Garfield stated March 4, 1881:
"The mormon church not only offends the moral sense of manhood by sanctioning polygamy, but prevents the administration of justice through ordinary instrumentalities of law.
In my judgment it is the duty of Congress, while respecting to the uttermost the conscientious convictions and religious scruples of every citizen, to prohibit within its jurisdiction all criminal practices, especially of that class which destroy the family relations and endanger social order."
Republican President Chester Arthur fostered a Bible-affirming view, stating December 6, 1881:
"For many years the Executive ... has urged the necessity of stringent legislation for the suppression of polygamy ... this odious crime, so revolting to the moral and religious sense of Christendom."
Supreme Court Chief Justice Morrison Waite, appointed by Republican Ulysses S. Grant, rendered the Murphy v. Ramsey, 1885, decision affirming heteronormative thinking, thus condemning the idea that children be collectively raised by a group of adults void of sexual restraints:
"Every person who has a husband or wife living ... and marries another ... is guilty of polygamy, and shall be punished...
No legislation can be supposed more wholesome and necessary in the founding of a free, self-governing commonwealth ... than that which seeks to establish it on the basis of the idea of THE FAMILY,
as consisting in and springing from the union for life of ONE MAN and ONE WOMAN in the holy estate of matrimony; the sure foundation of all that is stable and noble in our civilization;
the best guaranty of that reverent morality which is the source of all beneficent progress in social and political improvement."
Preserving natural marriage between one man and one woman precludes sharia Islam, which embraces polygamy, harems, sex-slavery, "mut-ah"-temporary wives for pleasure, and child brides.
The comprehensive annotated John Quincy Adams-A Bibliography, compiled by Lynn H. Parsons (Westport, CT, 1993, p. 41, entry #194, Essay on Turks, 1827):
"Mohammed poisoned the sources of human felicity at the fountain, by degrading the condition of the female sex, and the allowance of polygamy."
Saint Thomas Aquinas wrote in Summa contra Gentiles, 1258:
"Mohammed ... seduced the people by promises of carnal pleasure to which the concupiscence of the flesh goads us ... and he gave free reign to carnal pleasure. In all this, as is not unexpected, he was obeyed by carnal men."
Winston Churchill wrote in The (Nile) River War, 1899:
"In Mohammedan law every woman must belong to some man as his absolute property, either as a child, a wife, or a concubine, must delay the final extinction of slavery until the faith of Islam has ceased to be a great power among men."
Republican President Theodore Roosevelt stated to Congress, January 30, 1905:
"The institution of MARRIAGE is, of course, at the very foundation of our social organization, and all influences that affect that institution are of vital concern to the people of the whole country."
What America is experiencing is not a hardware issue, but a software issue. It is not a black versus white physical color difference, it is a Republican versus Democrat mental thought difference.
Beginning with Abraham Lincoln, who issued the Emancipation Proclamation, there have been 19 Republican Presidents since the anti-slavery, pro-family, pro-one man-one woman marriage party was first formed in 1854.
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Image Credits: Public Domain; Description: Hon. Abraham Lincoln, born in Kentucky, February 12, 1809; Creator/Contributor: Winslow Homer, 1836-1910 (artist); Date issued: November 10, 1860; Published in: Harper's Weekly, Volume IV, No.202, 10 November 1860; Photographed by Brady.; Signed lower right: H; Collection: Winslow Homer Collection; Location: Boston Public Library, Print Department; Flickr data on 2011-08-11: Camera: Sinar AG Sinarback 54 FW, Sinar m; Tags: Winslow Homer; User: Boston Public Library BPL; Date: April 6, 2011, 14:49:09; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hon._Abraham_Lincoln,_born_in_Kentucky,_February_12,_1809_(Boston_Public_Library).jpg
I offer my forever thanks, to Mr. Federer for his concise telling of history. I am especially gratified to learn of the truthful origin of the Republican party. I am a Black American who has out of ignorance voted Democrat when I was younger. I am almost 79 now and thankfully wiser.
I love America with all of its faults and warts. I am so grateful for people like you, Mr. Federer, who have submerged themselves in Truth, and dedicated their lives to sharing that Truth with us! I sincerely thank you! Carl F. Jones.
I offer my forever thanks, to Mr. Federer for his concise telling of history. I am especially gratified to learn of the truthful origin of the Republican party. I am a Black American who has out of ignorance voted Democrat when I was younger. I am almost 79 now and thankfully wiser.
I love America with all of its faults and warts. I am so grateful for people like you, Mr. Federer, who have submerged themselves in Truth, and dedicated their lives to sharing that Truth with us! I sincerely thank you! Carl F. Jones.