Dallas High Schools (September 1946)

December 11, 2025

Dallas High Schools (September 1946) published a Bible Study Course-New Testament, Bulletin No. 170. It was authorized by the Board of Education, April 23, 1946, and printed in The Dallas Public Schools Printshop, Dallas, Texas:

<Foreword....the Dallas public schools allowed one-half credit toward high-school graduation for the successful completion of a general survey course in the Bible, given in the churches and Sunday schools of the city. In 1939, it was decided to provide separate courses in the Old and the New Testaments, each course carrying one-half unit of credit toward high-school graduation.

E.B. Comstock, Assistant Superintendent in Charge of High Schools. INTRODUCTION REGULATIONS GOVERNING NEW

TESTAMENT STUDY COURSE

Classes may be organized by any Sunday school or church or any other religious organization for the purpose of studying the Bible in their respective organizations with a view to obtaining high-school credit. Successful completion of the course gives one-half unit credit toward high-school graduation.
An application blank, giving necessary information about the class, must be filled out and filed with the Assistant Superintendent in charge of Dallas High Schools.
There must be a minimum of forty class periods of 90 minutes net teaching time; or sixty 60-minute periods, net time; or eighty 45-minute periods, net time. In no case will fewer than forty different class sessions be accepted.
The text used is the NEW TESTAMENT STUDY COURSE, a syllabus published by the authority of the Dallas Board of Education for use in Bible Study credit classes.
...9.

MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS (NEW TESTAMENT)

The course is itself a "minimum course," since teachers are expected to supplement rather than subtract from the topics included. The following summary requirements are listed for purpose of emphasis and review:

Ability to name and classify the books of the Bible (common classifications).
General knowledge of the New Testament as outlined in the course of study. Reading of the entire New Testament is required.
Ability to reproduce the memory passages indicated in connection with the lessons and given in full in the appendix.
...10. APPENDIX

REQUIRED MEMORY VERSES

(for review purposes)

(Pupils should be able to reproduce from memory each of the following quotations when given the accompanying lead, the book, chapter, and verse reference.)

LESSON I.

The pre-existence of Christ:

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God....All things were made by him; and without him was not

anything made that was made....And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt

among us, (and we beheld his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father,) full of grace and truth. (John 1:1, 3, 14)

LESSON II.

Jesus to the devil in the wilderness:

It is written, Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God....It is written again, Thou shalt not tempt

the Lord thy God....Get thee hence, Satan: for it is written, Thou shalt worship

the Lord thy God, and him only shalt thou serve. (Matthew 4:4, 7, 10)

LESSON III.

The purpose of Christ's coming:

For God so loved the world that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have eternal life. (John 3:16)

LESSON IV....LESSON XLV.> 1946DH001

1946DH001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Dallas High Schools, September 1946, E.B. Comstock, Assistant Superintendent in Charge of High Schools, "Foreword," Bible Study Course-New Testament Bulletin No.170 (Dallas, TX: Dallas Public Schools Printshop, Authorized by Board of Education, April 23, 1946; reprinted Aledo, TX: WallBuilder Press, 1993), p. iii, ix, x, appendix, pp. 99-105.

United States Corp of Cadets (1947) contained in their regulations:

<Attendance at chapel is part of a cadet's training; no cadet will be exempted. Each cadet will receive religious training in one of the three particular faiths: Protestant, Catholic or Jewish.> 1947US001

The U.S. Naval Academy required:

<All Midshipmen, except those on authorized outside church parties, shall attend Sunday services in the chapel.> 1947US002

New Jersey Constitution (1947):

<PREAMBLE. We, the people of the State of New Jersey, grateful to Almighty God for the civil and religious liberty which He hath so long permitted us to enjoy, and looking to Him for a blessing upon our endeavors to secure and transmit the same unimpaired to succeeding generations, do ordain and establish this Constitution.

ARTICLE 1, SECTION 3. No person shall be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping Almighty God in a manner agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience; nor under any pretense whatever be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his faith and judgment; nor shall any person be obliged to pay tithes, taxes, or other rates for building or repairing any Church or Churches, place or places of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or Ministry, contrary to what he believes to be right or has deliberately and voluntarily engaged to perform.

ARTICLE 1, SECTION 4. There shall be no establishment of one religious sect in preference to another; no religious or racial test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust.

ARTICLE 1, SECTION 5. No person shall be denied the enjoyment of any civil or military right, nor be discriminated against in the exercise of any civil or military right, nor be segregated in the militia or in the public schools, because of religious principles, race, color, ancestry or national origin.> 1947NJ001

James Danforth Quayle (b.February 4, 1947) was the Vice-President of the United States under President George Bush, 1989-93. He had served as a U.S. Representative from Indiana, 1977-81, and a U.S. Senator, 1981-89.

Vice-President Dan Quayle stated:

<So I think the time has come to renew our public commitment to our Judeo-Christian values-in our churches and synagogues, our civic organizations and our schools. We are, as our children recite each morning, "one nation under God." That's a useful framework for acknowledging a duty and an authority higher than our own pleasures and personal ambitions.> 1947DQ001

Tom DeLay (b.April 8, 1947) was the U.S. Representative from the 22nd District of Texas from 1984 until 2006. He was Republican Party House Majority Leader from 2003 to 2005.

In April 3, 2002, while serving as House Majority Whip, Tom DeLay stated in a speech at Westminster College, titled "The Bonds of Freedom":

<President Lamkin, Mayor Craghead, Reverend Shepard, Mrs. Ward, Mr. Travis, members of the faculty, students of the college, ladies and gentlemen, it is a high privilege to receive this degree and I offer all of you my deep and profound gratitude for the honor.

Thank you very much for inviting me to Fulton today and for allowing me to stand before you tonight as the newest member of the Westminster family. I am gratified by the distinction and I will always carry my association with Westminster proudly as a son of the college.

I have always cherished and fought for the most valuable possession any people can obtain. That possession is freedom. And within the freest nation on Earth, Westminster College occupies a special place as a champion of liberty.

Through the Green Lecture series, Westminster offers the free world a gathering place to discuss the events that shape our future and the initiatives that can advance our national life. Your commitment has done our nation and our principles a great service. And I commend you.

When Churchill came to Westminster, he termed our shared values and democratic principles the "title deeds of freedom." The Iron Curtain he warned about has been buried beneath the sands of history. But the essence of his warning has not been diminished. New threats to freedom will always emerge.

There will always be people who try to enslave others with the chains of evil and all-controlling ideologies. And tyrants and terrorists will always target America because we are the leading guardian of freedom.

Today, no one can ignore the horrible aggression in the Middle East. A democratic government is fending off an orchestrated onslaught of death. The State of Israel has been targeted by groups committed to her complete elimination.

And on the basis of our shared principles and democratic values, America has an undeniable obligation to stand squarely with our democratically against those attempting to end the State of Israel.

Early in life, I saw the consequences of tyranny firsthand. When I was a boy, my family moved to South America. My father took a job as the general manager for an Oklahoma company's oil field operations in Venezuela during the 1950s.

We lived in a small town near the center of the country. It was an incredible place to grow up. The countryside was beautiful. It was flowing ranchland separated by stretches of jungle.

There were very few people living in our little town. It was basically the families of the oil field workers and the caballeros--the cowboys of Venezuela.

My brothers and I rode horses and we would ride off to camp with the caballeros and explore the jungle. It was wild and new and exotic. There were amazing plants, animals and insects to study. It was everything adventurous and curious young boys could have wanted.

Out at their ranches, the caballeros practically had zoos. They had pet monkeys, and parrots and just about every animal that lived in the jungle. And they were friendly to us.

They showed us how to ride like real caballeros. And they taught us to crack whips and rope steers. Generally, they gave us the free run of their cattle ranches.

Venezuela's rural heartland offered adventures that would be the envy of Huck Finn and the DeLay brothers made the most of it. We rode and hiked and explored everything within miles around our little town. In the beginning, it was an innocent, idyllic childhood.

Unfortunately, Venezuela's political structure was unstable and chaotic.

When I was only seven, I was exposed to my first revolution. The revolutionaries killed several local politicians and hung them in the town plaza. There were three revolutions in Venezuela during our years in South America.

The worst incident happened when I was eleven. At the time the revolution broke out, I was out visiting a ranch with a friend. My mother was frantic. She looked everywhere and couldn't find me.

When we finally made it home, we saw revolutionaries ransacking houses and rampaging through town. They destroyed my friend's house. Our own house was spared. But we had no idea how close to death we actually came.

Later, we learned that revolutionaries had arrived at the ranch just fifteen minutes after we left. They destroyed the ranch house. They killed all the people and every animal at the ranch. It was total chaos and complete destruction.

It was my introduction to the horrendous acts human beings are capable of committing when they operate with no regard for life. And it was the source of my passion for freedom and my hostility to unaccountable power.

I carried two great lessons home with me from Venezuela and they have stayed with me ever since. In many ways, they are the lessons of the Twentieth Century.

First, every human life is sacred and precious. Second, power unconstrained by principle and unchecked by accountability is an awful and evil force.

Ronald Reagan reminded us of the power of Churchill's warning. He said: "His Fulton speech was a fire bell in the night; a Paul Revere warning that tyranny was once again on the march."

Churchill told us that threats to freedom could not be avoided and they must not be accommodated.

Unfortunately, September 11 reminded us once again of the spirit of Churchill's warning. We saw in tragic detail that evil is far more than an abstract concept. Our borders and our lives are not beyond its grasp. Tyranny is the enemy. Tyranny is on the move. And Tyranny must always be confronted.

In the wake of September 11, we are reminded of two historic truisms. The first is that those who crave power simply for its own sake will always try to crush freedom under the boots of despotism. The second is that freedom cannot be contained indefinitely. Once people taste freedom, they demand it. Despots know this and will do anything to deny freedom to their people.

The history of modern man has been framed largely by the struggle between these incompatible forces: Freedom and tyranny, good and evil.

Unfortunately, man's long pathway towards expanded freedom is littered with tragic reminders that this lesson has gone unlearned.

During the last century alone, millions of lives were lost. They fell at the hands of tyrants of fascism, Nazism and Communism. They died before the forces of freedom recognized their unavoidable duty to confront the threat.

When evil gathers force, it is easy to ignore what we know to be true - tyranny's appetite for destruction recedes only after every challenge to its power is eliminated. It is always easier to evade the truth and appease an aggressor than to shoulder the hard obligations of confronting evil.

We must begin by acknowledging that tyranny is inherently evil. There can be no moral equivalence between those seeking to protect freedom and those seeking to deny freedom.

But even after the terror of September 11 many people continue to insist that these distinctions simply cannot be drawn. They maintain we must accept that differences in perspective can dictate different truths to different observers.

Some question whether America's role in the world may have invited the terrorist attacks. They ponder what we did wrong. But democracies don't wage wars by deliberately blowing up innocent civilians.

Free countries don't turn weapons of mass destruction on their own people. Democracies don't systematically deny rights to enforce twisted and brutal ideologies. And free nations don't pay bounties-for-blood by rewarding the families of suicide bombers.

President Reagan challenged us to acknowledge what we knew to be true. He defined the Soviet Union as an evil empire. And by stating the struggle with clarity and conviction he denied everyone the timid confusion of moral equivalence in the struggle between right and wrong.

When we speak the truth boldly, the echoes shape destiny.

Reagan said that we must begin by calling it like it is. He warned that we could not place ourselves above the struggle by naively equating democracy and tyranny as two different, but morally equal systems.

And I urge you, as President Reagan challenged all of us, to draw the moral distinction between two distinct worldviews. We must not let our foreign policy be crippled by the false fear that speaking explicitly about our commitment to freedom and democratic ideals will complicate rather than clarify the conflict.

As creatures of God, we were born with certain universal and inalienable rights. And America's genius was to perfect a governing structure that protects those rights.

The strength and opportunity of American society are a testament to the freedom guaranteed by the protections of our Constitution. We trust Americans to pursue their varied interests under a document that defines and upholds their essential freedoms. It has been our unique contribution to the world.

Our founders understood the sanctity of life and they knew well the need for checks and balances on the state. They had seen the consequences of religious intolerance and oppression. And their wisdom accounts for the strength of our system.

The foundation of American society rests on a set of enduring, defining values. They are the charter concepts of freedom: Faith in God, the sanctity of human life, the existence of right and wrong, and the certain knowledge that we are all, ultimately, accountable for our actions.

These principles are universal and extend to every man and woman regardless of the land of their birth or the faith of their parents.

And so, from America's commitment to these timeless truths flow the concepts that we define as democratic values: A free press. Free speech. Free elections. The right to petition the government. Freedom of worship. The rule of law. And an ability to change the government through peaceful means.

These values are the bulwarks of liberty. Some nations share them.

Some do not. But between these two conditions looms a wide disparity. Countries that honor basic rights flourish. While repressive regimes that deny them, frequently struggle to meet the bare needs of their citizens.

It is precisely because democracy accommodates our core values that it delivers opportunity, security, and fulfillment. The freedom of self-government develops excellence.

People living under democratic principles lead fuller lives. They share inherent advantages over those trapped within dictatorships and despotic regimes.

We believe that every human being deserves to live under a political system that honors basic rights and respects the dignity of the individual.

For that reason, America has a binding duty to stand with nations that share our universal values and commitment to democracy. We must continuously export freedom to the world.

President Bush led boldly when he declared war against the forces of international terrorism. He put the world on notice that America would not stand idle while groups and rogue regimes threatened our security.

He clearly defined our enemies and our objective: Rooting out and destroying the cancer of international terrorist networks wherever they are found.

And the President gave the world a clear choice: "You are with us, or you are with the terrorists." America responded to his clear, direct, and forceful leadership. And we need to assess other threats with the same moral clarity.

In Asia, the world's most populous nation holds its people hostage beneath a brutal blanket of oppression.

The potential free exchange of ideas, honest elections, and the recognition of basic human rights so frightens the unelected rulers in Beijing, that they quash it at every turn.

They are attempting to suffocate dissent, freedom and choice. Through intimidation, force, and fear, they demand obedience and order to their repressive ideology.

But just across the Taiwan Straits, stands a harbor of freedom. In Beijing, the Communist apparatchiks are angered and confused by the blinding light of freedom that beckons beyond the Straits.

There, on a tiny island, 23 million Taiwanese bravely resist a constant barrage of threats from Communist China. They stand firm against a repressive regime that shackles and silences over a billion people on mainland China.

Through sheer will, and courage, Taiwan has developed into a thriving democracy and a strong ally of the United States.

Within our own hemisphere, just 90 miles off our coast, the Cuban people are enslaved by a brutal tyrant. Fidel Castro has dragged his people through hardships, despair and servitude to satisfy his own depraved interests.

He robs Cubans of the fruits of their labor while enriching himself and his cronies. He imprisons or kills anyone questioning his government.

And Castro denies anyone seeking the promise of a better life the right to flee his island prison. Despite the risks, countless Cubans risk death to escape his tyrannical regime. And untold thousands have been murdered as they fled.

Castro is a man lacking any respect for life. When Castro's agents caught a boatload of Cuban women and children floating at sea, his orders redefined evil. These refugees were simply seeking the free shores of America.

Castro didn't want them back. He wanted them dead. And on Castro's command, his agents used fire hoses to force women and tiny children off their boat and into the ocean to drown. Their only offense had been a passion for freedom.

In each of these countries, our choice is clear. We must support those who stand for freedom. We need to remind the world, at every opportunity, that these regimes are not morally equivalent and America sides with liberty. Our clarity speaks volumes to both friends and adversaries.

The strongest collision between liberty and terror is occurring in the Middle East. On the eastern edge of the Mediterranean sits an oasis of freedom and democracy surrounded by mobilized hostility.

The State of Israel has fought five major wars to defend its right to exist since 1948.

A quick comparison tells us that Israel and the United States differ greatly in size, population, and natural resources. But in the things that truly matter, our countries are strikingly similar.

The fundamental measures that test our spirit, ideals, and aspirations show that Israel and America are kindred nations. The founders of both countries were profoundly influenced by faith. Both countries drafted governments that practice religious tolerance. Both countries are filled with immigrants summoned by dreams. For people fleeing the storms of persecution, both countries have been safe harbors.

We respect freedom and honor the rights of the individual. We tolerate a vigorous public debate through unfettered speech and a free press. We welcome the conflict of contested elections.

We are committed to thoroughly educating our citizens. We live under the rule of law. And the United States and Israel share a concern for human rights.

We both support free markets and will trade with any responsible partner. We seek peace and good relations with any country that also seeks the same goals.

America has found that freedom, as it is provided by our democratic system, improves life in all its spheres. Self-government allows every citizen greater opportunity, responsibility, and accountability. These translate into individual excellence, economic strength, and the broadest chance to realize potential and achievement.

That being the case, the benefits of freedom should show themselves in objective measures of a country's economic performance and the fabric of its society.

To prove the point, another comparison would also be useful. How does Israel measure up to neighboring countries? The differences are stark.

Throughout the Middle East the climate is arid and, with the exception of oil, resources are scarce. Economic progress is a challenge for any country.

But given these common limitations, there exists within the Middle East, a vast difference between those living in freedom and those living in undemocratic regimes. Israel exceeds its neighbors by wide margins in every significant way that we measure quality of life and standards of living.

Since its Independence in 1948, Israel has absorbed millions of immigrants, including almost one million from the former Soviet Union. It began without the infrastructure needed to support a modern society.

Israel had to spend large sums constructing the roads, utilities, ports, schools, and hospitals that support modern life. At the same time it was building this infrastructure, Israel fought five major wars.

Israel built a pluralistic society that is predominantly Jewish, but also has Muslims, Druze, and Christians living together and serving together in its military.

Israel is unique in that it serves as the permanent homeland for Jews everywhere, but it is also a home for people of other religions. Women and people of all faiths vote and hold office.

A simple measurement of Middle East economies shows that the benefits of self-government are obvious.

Taking the year 2000 as an example, Israel's Gross Domestic Product was $17,700 per person. In Lebanon it was $5,000, in Syria $1,000, in Jordan $1,500, in Egypt $1,420, and in the West Bank controlled by Palestinian Authority Chairman Arafat, it was $1,500.

Within Israel, people are educated longer and more successfully. Israel has produced almost universal literacy. With the exception of Jordan, only between half and three-quarters of the people in neighboring countries can read.

The health of people in the region also reflects democracy's strength. Infant mortality rates in Israel are between five and eight times lower than in neighboring countries. People in Israel also tend to live at least ten years longer than those living in the undemocratic regimes that surround it.

Clearly, life under democratic principles empowers men and women to achieve tremendous progress. And just as obviously, the absence of freedom consigns people living in undemocratic regimes to difficult lives.

Another important factor is the vitality of Israel's democracy compared to the dictatorships and non-democratic regimes that surround it.

Since 1970, the voters of Israel have changed their elected leader ten times. Control of government has swung between different parties and philosophical approaches. Democracy is alive, robust, and thriving in Jerusalem.

But for people living in neighboring countries over the same three decades, self-government has been unknown.

Regime changes among Israel's neighbors are an accident of fate. The people within these countries don't shape their own destinies.

Their voices aren't heard by their rulers. They are simply swept along by the decisions and policies of autocratic regimes.

And there is no question that the absence of accountability between Middle Eastern regimes and their citizens is fueling the climate of violence.

We know that peace and democracy are linked. Democratic rulers are accountable to their citizens and for that reason they avoid unjustified conflicts.

And governments that answer to their citizens don't inflict heinous crimes against their own people without serious consequences. We have learned that dictators and tyrants are not bound by the same moderating accountability.

Freedom is alive in Israel today. We can't allow the lone light of democracy to be extinguished by a wave of hatred. On September 11, we saw the visible hand of evil. In Israel, they are seeing it almost every day.

The so-called "martyrdom operations" that Palestinian suicide bombers carry out against Israel's buses, markets, and restaurants differ from the attacks against America only in scale--the underlying evil that motivates them wells up from the same awful source.

Suicide attacks against innocent civilians violate every principle America upholds. By the way, these are not suicides--they are murder.

For that reason, a strategy that delivers indiscriminate death to coerce political concessions from a free society will always offend our democratic values.

Yet, somehow the media questions Israel's right to self-defense. They criticize the steps taken by a democratically-elected government to block Arafat's evil campaign of death against Israeli civilians.

The identity of the terrorist organizations carrying out violence in Israel is far from a secret.

They accept responsibility for their crimes.

Hamas, Hezbollah, Palestinian Islamic Jihad and at least a faction of Palestinian dictator Yasser Arafat's Fatah group are at war with Israel.

What must happen? First, Arab states must accept Israel's fundamental right to exist. The terrorism against Israel must stop.

And the parties must negotiate a comprehensive settlement acknowledging Israel's right to exist, the need for permanent, secure, and internationally-recognized borders, and the guarantee that people of all faiths will have access to Jerusalem's holy places.

We should begin by rejecting the idea that the United States should somehow be a disinterested party mediating between two good-natured nations earnestly striving for peace.

The time has come to drop the empty pretense that we can serve the region as a mere broker. Israel is resisting a campaign of death. The defense of freedom demands more from us than a value-neutral brokerage. It is time for us to stand squarely against the terrorist organizations which systematically attack Israel.

I commend the President for his principled and determined leadership.

Specifically, he is guiding us firmly in two important ways. He is standing solidly with Israel. And he is resisting the constant calls to force Israel back to the negotiating table where they will be pressured to grant concessions to terrorists.

No one should expect the people of Israel to negotiate with groups pursuing the fundamental goal of destroying them. During four decades of terrorism, Yasser Arafat has proven his total contempt for human life. He is completely untrustworthy.

So, we should support Israel as they dismantle the Palestinian leadership that foments violence and fosters hate. Arafat and his Authority have been an impediment to peace and a threat to the emergence of moderate Palestinian voices.

When suicide bombers target families praying over Passover Seder, their objective cannot be peace. Their evil goal is to eliminate anyone who doesn't believe as they do.

We must be absolutely clear: Suicide bombings and other forms of terrorism will never be tolerated by democratic countries. Any group using these evil tactics denies any legitimacy to its underlying cause or grievance.

The free world must never negotiate with terrorists. Suicide bombings specifically, and terrorism generally, are not a form of resistance -- they are cold blooded murder.

This hellish strategy of destruction menaces far more than the State of Israel. It is a threat to the entire civilized world.

If suicide bombers succeeded in intimidating Israel, every free society would eventually face the same evil tactic.

All free men and women must defend Israel by denouncing this vile culture of death. Suicide bombers are consumed by an evil impulse and this message needs to be repeated by every democratic government.

America has a clear duty to stand beside a democratic ally that is besieged by terrorists. I believe that most Americans feel the pull of kinship with the men and women of Israel.

We can't allow the flame of democracy to be extinguished by a wave of aggression. The terrorists attempting to destroy the State of Israel should know that America will never allow that to happen.

Since our founding, the United States has been the world's greatest force for good. And today, our commitment to liberty has never been more vital to the world.

Because when we stand by democracies in peril, we signal to our friends that we mean what we say. We rededicate ourselves to the eternal truth that all men are created equal and are by nature free.

We demonstrate to our children that our values are enduring and unchanging.

And we give comfort, hope, and direction to people fighting for those same rights everywhere in the world.

Our actions reveal that our principles are not flexible. They are not written in sand to be washed away by time and circumstance. Instead, they are etched on our souls by the hand of God.

We are a land and a people acclimated to difficulty and attuned to grand purpose.

If we summon the will to stand firmly for freedom and strive boldly to spread our democratic principles, we can, once again, liberate millions of men and women from the grip of tyranny.

Doing so will mean security and freedom not only for us and our children, but for all those with a God-given yearning for the precious rights they are denied today.

And so, with all humility I ask, God bless America.> 1947TD001

Norma Leah McCorvey (b.September 22, 1947) was the "Jane Roe" in the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision that legalized abortion. In 1995, Norma McCorvey, quit her job as a marketing director at the Dallas abortion clinic, A Choice for Women, converted to Christianity. She was baptized in a Garland, Texas, swimming pool on Tuesday, August 8, 1995, by Philip "Flip" Benham, president of the national pro-life organization Operation Rescue.

On August 11, 1995, Norma McCorvey's story was covered in the USA Today by Jeannine Lee and Masud Khan, "'Roe' litigant's about-face: 'I'm pro-life.'"

The Dallas Morning News carried her story, August 11, 1995, written by Gayle Reaves, Charles Ornstein, Jeff Mosier and Monica Soto, "'Jane Roe' says views on abortion changed-McCorvey quits job at women's clinic, is baptized by Operation Rescue chief."

In an interview on ABC's World News Tonight, August 10, 1995, Norma McCorvey stated:

<I think abortion's wrong. I think what I did with Roe v. Wade was wrong. I just have to be pro-life....I just totally lost it-I thought the playgrounds are empty because there's no children, they've all been aborted.> 1947NM001

In an interview with the Dallas radio station WBAP-AM (820), Norma McCorvey stated she plans to help women:

<...save their babies...[and] won't be doing pro-choice stuff....I'm pro-life. I think I've always been pro-life. I just didn't know it.> 1947NM002

Norma McCorvey described how one day in January, when no one was in the clinic:

<I went into the procedure room and laid down on the table. I must have laid there maybe for 10, maybe 15 minutes, trying to imagine what it would be like having an abortion...I broke down and cried.> 1947NM003

In referring to the pro-abortion leaders, Norma McCorvey stated:

<I felt like they only cared about what I could do for them, not what they could do for me.> 1947NM004

In the article, 'Jane Roe' Speaks," (Dallas/Fort Worth Heritage, January, 1996, Vol. 4, No. 7, p. 4), Norma McCorvey stated:

<I have a few thoughts I'd like to share. First of all, thank you Heather Hadaway, my new sister in Christ, for taking up for me, (November 1995 "Sound Off!"). Please, let's get together sometime for a Coke and Bible readings. You're the greatest!

Secondly, I'd like to thank the Christian community for all your support and understanding of a "new" child in Christ Jesus.

Now, to the task at hand....My heart and brain tell me you need to find the Lord Jesus Christ and ask Him into your heart.

So, here goes. Number one, Dick, I'm pro-life, clear across the board. I believe all abortions are wrong. This is part of my testimony. I've never had an abortion. I was just used and lied to. And when I came out and told the world that I was Jane Roe I was scared to death. My house was even filled with gunshot blasts some years ago. I was so scared I moved out of town.

Secondly, the relationship I have with Connie Gonzales today is still with love and also with sisterhood in Christ Jesus. We were best friends first...and Jesus has shown us both the true way to walk with Him and Him alone. So with these few thoughts to ponder, Dick, if you ever need a friend to talk to or a church to go to please let me know."> 1947NM005

United States Supreme Court (1948) in the case of McCollum v. Board of Education of School District Number 71, 333 U.S. 203, 236 (1948), Justice Felix Frankfurter rendered the Court's opinion:

<Traditionally, organized education in the Western world was Church education. It could hardly be otherwise when the education of children was primarily study of the Word and the ways of God. Even in the Protestant countries, where there was a less close identification of Church and State, the basis of education was largely the Bible, and its chief purpose inculcation of piety.> 1948US001

Justice Robert Houghwout Jackson concurred:

<I think it remains to be demonstrated whether it is possible, even desirable,...to isolate and cast out of secular education all that some people may reasonably regard as religious instruction....It would not seem practical to teach either practice or appreciation of the arts if we are to forbid exposure of youth to any religious influences. Music without sacred music, architecture minus the cathedral, or painting without the Scriptural themes would be eccentric and incomplete, even from a secular point of view....Even such a 'science' as biology raises the issue between evolution and creation as an explanation of our presence on this planet. Certainly a course on English literature that omitted the Bible and other powerful uses of our mother tongue for religious ends would be pretty barren. And I suppose it is a proper, if not indispensable, part of the preparation for a worldly life to know the roles that religion and religions have played in the tragic story of mankind.

The fact is that, for good or ill, nearly everything in our culture worth transmitting, everything which gives meaning to life, is saturated with the influences derived from paganism, Judaism, Christianity-both Catholic and Protestant-and other faiths accepted by a large part of the world's people....One can hardly respect a system of education that would leave a student wholly ignorant of the currents of religious thought that moved the world society for a part in which he is being prepared.> 1948US002

New Jersey State Court (1950) in the case of Doremus v. Board of Education of Borough of Hawthorne, 5 N.J. 435, 75 A. 880 (N.J. 1950), stated:

<We consider that the Old Testament, because of its antiquity, its contents, and its wide acceptance, is not a sectarian book when read without comment. Cf. Vidal v. Girard's Executors.

The adherents of those religions [Jew, Catholic, Protestant] constitute the great bulk of our population. There are [other] religious groups...but in this country they are numerically small and, in point of impact upon our national life, negligible....And it is not to say that because a religious group is small, it thereby loses its constitutional rights or that it is not entitled to the protection of those rights. The application is that some of our national incidents are developments from the almost universal belief in God which so strongly shaped and nurtured our people during the colonial period and the formative years of our constitutional government, with the result that we accept as a commendable part of our public life certain conditions and practices which in a country of different origins would be rejected....

Again, take the instance of an atheist:-he has all the protection of the Constitution...but he lives in a country where theism is in the warp and woof of the social and governmental fabric and he has no authority to eradicate from governmental activities every vestige of the existence of God.

With reference to saying the Lord's Prayer, this court found "nothing in the Lord's Prayer that is controversial, ritualistic or dogmatic. It is a prayer to "God, our Father." It does not contain Christ's name and makes no reference to Him. It is, in our opinion, in the same position as is the Bible reading."

While it is necessary that there be a separation between church and state, it is not necessary that the state should be stripped of religious sentiment....The American people are and always have been to our origins and the direction which it has given to our progress are beyond calculation. It may be of the theistic,...that belief in God shall abide....The day the children should pause to hear a few words from the wisdom of the ages [Scriptures] and to bow the head in humility before the Supreme Power. No rights, no ceremony, no doctrinal teachings; just a brief moment with eternity.

But it is clear, we think that the sense of the [First] Amendment does not serve to prohibit government from recognizing the existence and sovereignty of God and that the motives which inspired the amendment and the interpretation given by the several departments of the Federal Government concurrently with and subsequent to the submission and adoption of the amendment are inconsistent with any other conclusion....The fact is that the First

Amendment does not say, and so far as we are able to determine was not intended to say, that God shall not be acknowledged by our government as God.> 1950NJ001

Rush Hudson Limbaugh, III (b.January 12, 1951) an American radio talk show and television host. His radio program reaches approximately 20 million listeners a week and his syndicated TV show covers nearly 99 % of America. He is the author of The Way Things Ought to Be, 1992, and See, I Told You So, 1993, and the publisher of The Limbaugh Letter. Born in Cape Girardeau, Missouri, Rush Limbaugh ascended from being a Top-40 deejay, to a successful radio talk-show host at KFBK in Sacramento, California, to being heard in over 616 markets across the country.

In regard to our national heritage, Rush Limbaugh stated:

<Well, folks, let's allow our real, undoctored-American-history lesson to unfold further. If our schools and the media have twisted the historical record when it comes to Columbus, they have obliterated the contributions of America's earliest permanent settlers-the Pilgrims. Why? Because they were a people inspired by profound religious beliefs to overcome incredible odds.

Today, public schools are simply not teaching how important the religious dimension was in shaping our history and our nation's character. Whether teachers are just uncomfortable with this material, or whether there has been a concerted effort to cover up the truth, the result is the same. Kids are no longer learning enough to understand and appreciate how and why America was created.

The story of the Pilgrims begins in the early part of the seventeenth century (that's the 1600's for those of you in Rio Linda, California). The Church of England under King James I was persecuting anyone and everyone who did not recognize its absolute civil and spiritual authority. Those who challenged ecclesiastical authority and those who believed strongly in freedom of worship were hunted down, imprisoned, and sometimes executed for their beliefs.

A group of separatists first fled to Holland and established a community. After eleven years, about forty of them agreed to make a perilous journey to the New World, where they would certainly face hardships, but could live and worship God according to the dictates of their own consciences.

On August 1, 1620, the Mayflower set sail. It carried a total of 102 passengers, including forty Pilgrims led by William Bradford. On the journey, Bradford set up an agreement, a contract, that established just and equal laws for all members of their new community, irrespective of their religious beliefs.

Where did the revolutionary ideas expressed in the Mayflower Compact come from? From the Bible.

The Pilgrims were a people completely steeped in the lessons of the Old and New Testaments. They looked to the ancient Israelites for their example. And, because of the biblical precedents set forth in Scripture, they never doubted that their experiment would work.

But this was no pleasure cruise friends. The journey to the New World was a long and arduous one. And when the Pilgrims landed in New England in November, they found, according to Bradford's detailed journal, a cold, barren, desolate wilderness. There were no friends to greet them, he wrote. There were no houses to shelter them. There were no inns where they could refresh themselves.

And the sacrifice they made for freedom was just beginning. During the first winter, half the Pilgrims-including Bradford's wife-died of either starvation, sickness, or exposure. When spring finally came, Indians taught the settlers how to plant corn, fish for cod, and skin beavers for coats. Life improved for the Pilgrims, but they did not yet prosper!

This is important to understand because this is where modern American history lessons often end. Thanksgiving is actually explained in some textbooks as a holiday for which the Pilgrims gave thanks to the Indians for saving their lives, rather than as a devout expression of gratitude grounded in the tradition of both the Old and New Testaments.

Here is the part that has been omitted: The original contract the Pilgrims had entered into with their merchant-sponsors in London called for everything they produced to go into a common store, and each member of the community was entitled to one common share. All of the land they cleared and the houses they built belonged to the community as well.

Bradford, who had become the new governor of the colony, recognized that this form of collectivism was as costly and destructive to the Pilgrims as that first harsh winter, which had taken so many lives. He decided to take bold action. Bradford assigned a plot of land to each family to work and manage, thus turning loose the power of the marketplace....

"This had very good success," wrote Bradford, "for it made all hands industrious, so as much more corn was planted than otherwise would have been." Bradford doesn't sound like much of a Clintonite, does he? Is it possible that supply-side economics could have existed before the 1980's? Yes. Read the story of Joseph and Pharaoh in Genesis 41. Following Joseph's suggestion (Gen. 41:34), Pharaoh reduced the tax on Egyptians to 20 percent during the "seven years of plenty" and the "Earth brought forth in heaps." (Gen. 41:47). In no time, the Pilgrims found they had more food than they could eat themselves. So they set up trading posts and exchanged goods with the Indians. The profits allowed them to pay off their debts to the merchants in London. And the success and prosperity of the Plymouth settlement attracted more Europeans and began what came to be known as the "Great Puritan Migration."

Now, let me ask you: Have you read this history before?

But guess what? There's even more that is being deliberately withheld from our modern textbooks. For example, one of those attracted to the New World by the success of Plymouth was Thomas Hooker, who established his own community in Connecticut-the first full-fledged constitutional community and perhaps the most free society the world had ever known. Hooker's community was governed by the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, which established strict limits on the powers of government.

So revolutionary and successful was this idea that Massachusetts was inspired to adopt its Body of Liberties, which included ninety-eight separate protections of individual rights, including: "no taxation without representation," "due process of law," "trial by a jury of peers," and prohibitions against "cruel and unusual punishment."

Does all that sound familiar? It should. These are ideas and concepts that led directly to the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights. Nevertheless, the Pilgrims and Puritans of early New England are often vilified today as witch-burners and portrayed as simpletons. To the contrary, it was their commitment to pluralism and free worship that led to these ideals being incorporated into American life. Our history books purposely conceal the fact that these notions were developed by communities of devout Christians who studied the Bible and found it prescribes limited, representative government and free enterprise as the best political and economic systems.

There's only one word for this, folks: censorship.

This brings us to our Founding Fathers-the geniuses who crafted the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. These were men who shook up the entire world by proclaiming the idea that people had certain God-given freedoms and rights and that the government's only raison d'etre was to protect those freedoms and rights from both internal and external forces. That simple yet brilliant insight has been all but lost today in liberalism's relentless march toward bigger, more powerful, more intrusive government.

Don't believe the conventional wisdom of our day that claims these men were anything but orthodox, Bible-believing Christians. They were. And they were quite adamant in stating that the Constitution-as brilliant a document as it is-would work only in the context of a moral society.

"Our Constitution was made for a moral and religious people," stated second president John Adams. "It is wholly inadequate for the governance of any other."

George Washington, the father of our country, was of like mind. He said: "Of all the dispositions and habits that lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports."...

The eighteenth-century Irish statesman and orator Edmund Burke, some of whose precepts formed the core of conservatism, eloquently stated in his 1791 "A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly":

"Men are qualified for civil liberty, in exact proportion to their disposition to put moral chains upon their own appetites....Society cannot exist

unless a controlling power upon will and appetite be placed somewhere, and the less of it there is within, the more there must be without. It is ordained in the eternal constitution of things, that men of intemperate minds cannot be free. Their passions forge their fetters" ...

As Alexis de Tocqueville wrote at the time of our Constitution's fiftieth anniversary in his masterpiece, Democracy in America:

"In New England every citizen receives the elementary notion of human knowledge; he is taught, moreover, the doctrines and the evidences of his religion, the history of his country, and the leading features of its Constitution..."> 1951RL001

United States Supreme Court (1952) in the case of Zorach v. Clauson, 343 US 306, 307, 313, 314 (1952), Justice William O. Douglas delivered the Court's decision, stating:

<The First Amendment, however, does not say that in every respect there shall be a separation of Church and State. Rather, it studiously defines the manner, the specific ways, in which there shall be no concert or union or dependency one on the other.

That is the common sense of the matter. Otherwise the state and religion would be aliens to each other-hostile, suspicious, and even unfriendly....

Municipalities would not be permitted to render police or fire protection to religious groups. Policemen who helped parishioners into their places of worship would violate the Constitution.

Prayers in our legislative halls; the appeals to the Almighty in the messages of the Chief Executive; the proclamation making Thanksgiving Day a holiday; "so help me God" in our courtroom oaths-these and all other references to the Almighty that run through our laws, our public rituals, our ceremonies, would be flouting the First Amendment.

A fastidious atheist or agnostic could even object to the supplication with which the Court opens each session: God save the United States and this Honorable Court.

We are a religious people and our institutions presuppose a Supreme Being....

When the state encourages religious instruction or cooperates with religious authorities by adjusting the schedule of public events to sectarian needs, it follows the best of our traditions.

For it then respects the religious nature of our people and accommodates the public service to their spiritual needs. To hold that it may not would be to find in the Constitution a requirement that the government show a callous indifference to religious groups. That would be preferring those who believe in no religion over those who do believe....

We find no constitutional requirement makes it necessary for government to be hostile to religion and to throw its weight against the efforts to widen the scope of religious influence. The government must remain neutral when it comes to competition between sects.... religion.

We cannot read into the Bill of Rights such a philosophy of hostility to We agree of course that the state may not establish a "religion of secularism" in the sense of affirmatively opposing or showing hostility to religion, thus preferring those who believe in no religion over those who do believe.> 1952US001

United States Congress (April 17, 1952) passed Public Law 82-324; 66 Stat. 64, to set aside an annual National Day of Prayer:

<Joint Resolution to provide for setting aside an appropriate day as a National Day of Prayer.

The U.S. Senate Report No. 1389, April 2, 1952, of the 82nd Congress, 2nd Session, Calendar No. 1324, ordered to be printed the report of Mr. McCarran, from the Committee on the Judiciary:

The Committee on the Judiciary, to which was referred the resolution (H.J. Res. 382) directing the President to proclaim a suitable day each year, other than a Sunday, as a National Day of Prayer, having considered the same, reports favorably thereon, without amendment, and recommends that the resolution do pass.

PURPOSE

The purpose of the proposed legislation is to direct the President to proclaim a National Day of Prayer each year.

STATEMENT

From its beginning the United States of America has been a nation fully cognizant of the value of prayer. In the early days of colonization, the Pilgrims frequently engaged in prayer. When the delegates to the Constitutional Convention encountered difficulties in the writing and formation of a Constitution for this Nation, prayer was suggested and became an established practice at succeeding sessions. Today, both Houses of the Congress are opened daily with prayer.

Prayer has indeed been a vital force in the growth and development of this Nation. It would certainly be appropriate if, pursuant to this resolution and the proclamation it urges, the people of this country were to unite in a day of prayer each year, each in accordance with his own religious faith, thus reaffirming in a dramatic manner the deep religious convictions which has prevailed throughout the history of the United States.> 1952US002

On June 17, 1952, President Harry S. Truman issued Proclamation 2978, declaring an annual National Day of Prayer:

<Whereas from the earliest days of our history our people have been accustomed to turn to Almighty God for help and guidance; and

Whereas in times of national crisis when we are striving to strengthen the foundations of peace and security we stand in special need of divine support; and

Whereas the Congress, by a joint resolution approved on April 17, 1952 (66 Stat. 64), has provided that the President "shall set aside and proclaim a suitable day each year, other than Sunday, as a National Day of Prayer, on which the people of the United States may turn to God in prayer and meditation"; and

Whereas I deem it fitting that this Day of Prayer coincide with the anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, which published to the world this Nation's "firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence":

Now, Therefore, I, Harry S. Truman, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim Friday, July 4, 1952, as a National Day of Prayer, on which all of us, in our churches, in our homes, and in our hearts, may beseech God to grant us wisdom to know the course which we should follow, and strength and patience to pursue that course steadfastly. May we also give thanks to Him for His constant watchfulness over us in every hour of national prosperity and national peril.

In Witness Thereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Seal of the United States of America to be affixed.

Done at the City of Washington this 17th day of June in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and fifty-two, and of the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and seventy-sixth. Harry S. Truman.> 1952US003

United States Congress (1954) approved in both the Senate and House of Representatives of the 83rd Congress, a joint resolution calling for the establishment of:

<A room with facilities for prayer and meditation for the use of Members of the Senate and House of Representatives.> 1954US001

<This small room in the Capitol, just off the rotunda, is always open when Congress is in session. It is for the private prayer and meditation of members of Congress, and is not open to the public. An open Bible is upon an altar, and located above it is the focal point of the room, which is a stained glass window showing George Washington kneeling in prayer. Behind him are etched these words from Psalm 16:1: "Preserve me, O God; for in thee do I put my trust."

Of note is that every session of the House and the Senate begin with prayer, each house has its own chaplain. Presidential tradition is to conclude their oath of office with their hand upon an open Bible saying the words, "So help me God."

Inside the rotunda is a painting of the Pilgrims about to embark from Holland on the Speedwell. The ship's revered chaplain, William Brewster, has on his lap a Bible open to the page, "The New Testament according to our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ" and on the sail "God With Us."

The phrase, "In God We Trust," appears opposite the President of the Senate, who is the Vice-President of the U.S. The same phrase, in large words inscribed in the marble, backdrops the Speaker of the House of Representatives.

On the Great Seal of the United States, the phrase Annuit Coeptis is inscribed, which means, "[God] has smiled on our undertaking." Under the Seal, the phrase from Lincoln's Gettysburg address is engraved, "This Nation under God."

The Dirksen Office Building has the words, "IN GOD WE TRUST" inscribed in a bronze relief.> 1954US002

Unites States Congress (June 14, 1954) approved the Joint Resolution 243 (Public Law 83-396), which added the words "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance. (The Pledge was initially adopted by the 79th Congress on December 28, 1945, as Public Law 287.):

<Public Law 396; Chapter 297; Joint Resolution

To amend the pledge of allegiance to the flag of the United States of America.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That section 7 of the joint resolution entitled "Joint resolution to codify and emphasize existing rules and customs pertaining to the display and use of the flag of the United States of America," approved June 22, 1942, as amended (36 U.S.C., sec. 172), is amended to read as follows:

"Sec. 7. The following is designated as the pledge of allegiance to the flag: 'I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.' Such pledge should be rendered by standing with the right hand over the heart. However, civilians will always show full respect to the flag when the pledge is given by merely standing at attention, men removing the headdress. Persons in uniform shall render the military salute."

Approved June 14, 1954.> 1954US003

The Pledge of Allegiance was written in 1892 by a Baptist minister from Boston named Francis Bellamy, who was ordained in the Baptist Church of Little Falls, New York. He was a member of the staff of The Youth's Companion, which first published the Pledge on September 8, 1892, in Boston, Massachusetts. Public-school children first recited it during the National School Celebration on the 400th anniversary of Columbus' discovery of America, October 12, 1892, at the dedication of the 1892 Chicago World's Fair. The words "under God" were taken from Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address:

<...that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth...> 1954US004 On June 14, 1954, President Eisenhower signed it into law:

<I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.> 1954US005

President Eisenhower gave his support to the Congressional Act, which added the phrase "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance, saying:

<In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America's heritage and future; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country's most powerful resource in peace and war.> 1954US006

President Eisenhower then stood on the steps of the Capitol Building and recited the Pledge of Allegiance for the first time with the phrase:

<"One Nation under God."> 1954US007

In 1979, a publication approved by and printed under authority of Congress titled The Capitol-A Pictorial History of the Capitol and of the Congress (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979), p. 24, rendered the following comments regarding the pledge:

<This pledge attests what has been true about America from the beginning. Faith in the transcendent, sovereign God was in the public philosophy-the American consensus. America's story opened with the first words of the Bible, In the beginning God....We are truthfully one nation under God "and our institutions presuppose a Divine Being," wrote Justice William O. Douglas in 1966.

Only a nation founded on theistic pre-supposition would adopt a first amendment to ensure the free exercise of all religions or of none. The government would be neutral among the many denominations and no one church would become the state church. But America and its institutions of government could not be neutral about God.> 1954US008

Unites States Congress (1955) passed a bill, signed by President Dwight Eisenhower, providing that all United States currency should bear the words:

<"In God We Trust."> 1955US001

United States Congress (July 20, 1956) in the 84th Congress, 2nd session, adopted House Joint Resolution 396, introduced by Rep. Charles E. Bennett (FL), providing that the national motto of the United States of America officially be "In God We Trust":

<84th Congress, 2nd Session, H.J. 396;

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

April 18 (legislative day, April 9,) 1956

Read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary Joint Resolution

To establish a national motto of the United States.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress Assembled, That the national motto of the United States is hereby declared to be "In God We Trust."

Passed the House of Representatives April 16, 1956. Attest: Ralph R. Roberts, Clerk.> 1956US001

Tennessee Supreme Court (March 9, 1956) in Philip M. CARDEN et al. v. Mrs. Tom A. BLAND et al. The decision stated:

<As we view our statute herein assailed we are firmly convinced that the reading of a verse in the Bible without comment, the same verse not to be repeated more often than once every thirty days, the singing of some inspiring song, and repeating the Lord's Prayer, is not a violation of the constitutional mandate which guarantees to all men 'a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty God according We find it more or less difficult to conceive that these simple ceremonies amount to 'establishment of a religion', or any attempt to do so; nor is it an interference with any student's secular beliefs contrary to law...

We find a number of decisions by State Appellate Courts which hold that Bible reading in the public schools is not in violation of one's constitutional rights...

In the latter case it was said by the New Jersey Court: 'We consider that the Old Testament and the Lord's Prayer pronounced without comment, are not sectarian, and that the short exercise provided by the statute does not constitute sectarian instruction or sectarian worship'. 5 N.J. 435, 75 A.2d 880, 888.

Turning now to State cases we think the greater number of these decisions hold that the Bible is not a sectarian or denominational book. Thus in Evans v. Selma Union High School Dist., 193 Cal. 54, 222 P. 801, 31 A.L.R. 1121, the Court holds that the King James version of the Bible was not within the prohibition of the statute that 'no publication of a sectarian, partisan, or denominational character' may be used or distributed in any school or made a part of any school library. See cases cited in the opinion.

In an early case in Pennsylvania, Hart v. Sharpsville Borough School Dist., (1885), 2 Lanc.L.Rev., 346, and Stevenson v. Hanyon, 1898, 7 Pa.Dist. & Co.R. 585, it was held that the reading of the Bible, whether the King James or the Douay version, as a part of the opening exercises of the public school was not in contravention of any constitutional provision.

In People ex rel. Vollmar v. Stanley, 1927, 81 Colo. 276, 255 P. 610, 612, the relator (a member of the Catholic Church) sought by mandamus to compel the Board of Education to revoke their rule requiring the reading of portions of the King James version of the Bible without comment as a part of the opening of morning school exercises. The Court held that Bible reading could not be prohibited altogether. The Court further holds:

'Reading of the Bible in public schools without comment held not teaching of sectarian tenets and doctrines, contrary to Const. art. 9, 8; King James Bible not being sectarian.'

'Reading of the Bible in public schools held not to constitute expenditure of public money in aid of 'sectarian purpose,' in violation of Const. art. 9, § 7, where Bible was read without comment; Bible itself not being sectarian.'...

It has been held that such reading of the Bible, as in Hart v. School Dist., supra, does not make the school house a house of religious worship within the meaning of a constitutional prohibition against compelling any person to attend or support any place of religious worship, religious sect or denomination against his consent.

In Commonwealth ex rel. Wall v. Cooke, Mass. 1859, 7 Am.Law Reg. 417, dealing with the reading of the Bible in public schools the Court holds: '...the constitutional provision securing liberty of conscience and worship 'was intended to prevent persecution by punishing for religious opinions. The Bible has long been in our common schools....It was placed there as the book best adapted from which to 'teach children and youth the principles of piety, Justice, and a sacred regard to truth, love for their country, humanity, and a universal benevolence, sobriety, moderation, and temperance....'

But, in doing this no scholar is requested to believe it; none to receive it as the only true version of the laws of God.' See also Spiller v. Woburn, 1866, 12 Allen 127, 94 Mass. 127. To the same effect is Donahoe v. Richards, 38 Me. 379, 61 Am.Dec. 256. In Kaplan v. Independent School Dist., 1927, 171 Minn. 142, 214 N.W. 18, 57 A.L.R. 185, the Court holds that reading of a particular version of the Bible without comment (in the public schools) is not per se an infringement of constitutional rights...

We are asked to banish the Bible from the public schools, not as an evil thing, but that it is embarrassing to parents who subscribe to some creed or ritual, and that their children may be prejudiced in some way against their religion.

Implicit in this contention is the thought that all children singing great and inspiring songs such as 'Faith of our Fathers', and 'America the Beautiful', is so contrary to their own faith that it should be enjoined as being a preference of one religion over another.

They would indeed strike from the schoolroom and school libraries the great stories in the Bible which recount the deeds of heroic men and women and of their enduring faith in God, of love and devotion, of high honor and of duty to respect the will of the Creator, which have enriched the lives of all races from the beginning of recorded time.

Following the oral argument of this case, the American Civil Liberties Union filed a brief as Amicus Curiae, previously granted by the Court. This brief is filed on behalf of the plaintiff in error. It would unduly prolong this opinion for us to make response to every contention made on the brief. The brief supports the general insistence that our statute is unconstitutional as being violative of both the State and Federal Constitutions...

In order to wipe out any and all right of the State to control their own system of public education great stress is laid upon the need of maintaining the doctrine of 'Separation of Church and State'. We concede that this is important. But it should not be tortured into a meaning that was never intended by the Founders of this Republic, with the result that the public school system of the several states is to be made a Godless institution as a matter of law...

The Court cites Thomas Jefferson as being the author of the 'Separation of Church and State', as provided in the First Amendment to the Constitution, he having coined the phrase that there must be 'a wall of separation between church and State.' There was no convincing argument as to just what the wall was to separate. In the Everson case it was pointed out that Jefferson had favored religious instruction at the University of Virginia, of which he was the founder, and which was supported by the State. It appears that the method of such instruction at the University was similar in most respects to that which the Supreme Court had outlawed in the McCollum case.

Mr. Justice Jackson concurred in the opinion on the ground that the method of instruction amounted to proselyting pupils. He exposed, however, with great ability the fallacy of driving all religion from the public schools. He says [333 U.S. 203, 68 S.Ct. 477]:

'And I should suppose it is a proper, if not an indispensable, part of preparation for a worldly life to know the roles that religion and religions have played in the tragic story of mankind. The fact is that, for good or for ill, nearly everything in our culture worth transmitting, everything which gives meaning to life, is saturated with religious influences, derived from paganism, Judaism, Christianity - both Catholic and Protestant - and other faiths accepted by a large part of the world's peoples. One can hardly respect a system of education that would leave the student wholly ignorant of the currents of religious thought that move the world society for a part in which he is being prepared.'

It thus appears that the protagonists in this contest for the maintenance of freedom of religion and separation of the Church and State have falsified the history of the times, especially when they undertake to call Mr. Jefferson to their standard. And the same is true of other distinguished contemporaries who are referred to in the opinion.

From a historical point of view the Federal Government has, from time immemorial, given its express approval to secular worship in the United States Naval Academy, West Point Military Academy, and all of the armed forces of our country. It is thus pointed out by Mr. Justice Reed in his Dissenting opinion, which is not controverted:

'The Congress of the United States has a chaplain for each House who daily invokes divine blessings and guidance for the proceedings. The armed forces have commissioned chaplains from early days. They conduct the public services in accordance with the liturgical requirements of their respective faiths, ashore and afloat, employing for the purpose property belonging to the United States and dedicated to the services of religion. Under the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, eligible veterans may receive training at government expense for the ministry in denominational schools. The schools of the District of Columbia have opening exercises which 'include a reading from the Bible without note or comment, and the Lord's prayer.'

We do not wish, however, to be understood as holding that any form of sectarian worship, or secular instruction in the Bible, is permissible under our statute and the Constitution of this State. But we cannot close our eyes to the customs and practices as pointed out by Mr. Justice Reed, as evidence of the fact that the President of the United States, as Commander in Chief of the Armed Services, as well as other agencies of the Federal Government, do not consider such activities as being in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.

In Conclusion we think that the highest duty of those who are charged with the responsibility of training the young people of this State in the public schools is in teaching both by precept and example that in the conflicts of life they should not forget God. And this in substance is about all that our statute requires. For this Court to hold that the statute herein assailed contemplates the establishment of a religion, and that it is a subtle method of breaking down Mr. Jefferson's 'wall of separation' between church and State, would be a spectacular exhibition of judicial sophistry.

There is no error in the Chancellor's decree, and it is affirmed.> 1956TN001

Louis Bounoure (1957) a biology Professor at the University of Strasbourg, published his book, Determinism and Finality, edited by Flammarion, 1957. On page 79, Professor Louis Bounoure wrote:

<That, by this, evolutionism would appear as a theory without value, is confirmed also pragmatically. A theory must not be required to be true, said Mr. H. Poincare, more or less, it must be required to be useable.> 1957LB001

William Joseph Federer (b.October 1, 1957) is a nationally known speaker, best-selling author, and president of Amerisearch, Inc., a publishing company dedicated to researching America's noble heritage.

A former U.S. Congressional Candidate, Bill has appeared on: CSPAN, FOX, Hannity & Colmes, O'Reilly Factor, NPR, MSNBC, ABC-Time Warner Affiliates, CBN, TBN, INSP, TCT, FamilyNet, FamilyLand TV, Coral Ridge Hour, 700 Club, AT&T Cable, Charter Cable, Danny Fontana Show, iLife TV, FOX Strategy Room with Brian Kilmeade, hosted CSPAN's George Washington Book Festival-February 26, 2000, BookTV, The BlazeTV, CTN with Herman & Sharron Bailey, Grizzly Adams Television Production documentaries, and numerous local programs.

Bill has been interviewed on thousands of radio programs, including Focus on the Family, Janet Parshall's America, Point of View, USA Radio Network, Salem Radio Network, Bott Radio Network, Michael Medved, Common Sense Radio w/Ollie North, D. James Kennedy's Truths that Transform, Phyllis Schlafly Live, Beverly LaHaye Live, G. Gordon Liddy, Janet Folger's Faith to Action, Clear Channel Radio, VCY America, RadioAmerica, BQ, Armstrong Williams, American Family Radio, Family Life Radio, USA Radio Network, Judicial Watch, InsightMag.com, Martha Zoller Show, Chuck Harder's For the People, Derry Brownfield, Michael Reagan and others.

Bill's AMERICAN MINUTE radio feature is broadcast daily across America and by the Internet. His Faith in History program airs on the TCT Network.

Bill has been quoted or referenced in USA Today, Human Events, New York Times, Washington Times, Washington Post, Roll Call, Harper's Magazine, The Wanderer, George, St. Louis Post Dispatch, Fort Lauderdate Sun-Sentinel, Ted Baehr's MovieGuide, England's Surrey Hants Star, Insight Magazine, WorldNetDaily.com, TownHall.com, NewsMax.com, Catholic.org, Crosswalk.org, CitizenLink.com and other publications.

Bill's first book "America's God and Country Encyclopedia of Quotations" has sold over a half-million copies. His works, which have been quoted by authors, politicians, leaders, journalists, teachers, students and in court cases, include: AMERICA'S GOD AND COUNTRY ENCYCLOPEDIA OF QUOTATIONS; AMERICAN MINUTE-Events of American Significance Remembered on the Date They Occurred; AMERICAN QUOTATIONS CDROM; BACKFIRED-A nation born for religious tolerance no longer tolerates religion; ENDANGERED SPEECHES-How the ACLU, IRS & LBJ Threaten Extinction of Free Speech; GEORGE WASHINGTON CARVER-His Life & Faith In His Own Words; LIBRARY OF CLASSICS CDROM; SAINT PATRICK-The Real Story of His Amazing Life from Tragedy to Triumph; THE FAITH OF FDR -From Franklin D. Roosevelt's Public Papers 1933-1945; THE INTERESTING HISTORY OF INCOME TAX; THE ORIGINAL 13-A

Documentary History of Religion in America's First Thirteen States; THE TEN COMMANDMENTS & their Influence on American Law; THERE REALLY IS A SANTA CLAUS-History of Saint Nicholas & Christmas Holiday Traditions; THREE SECULAR REASONS Why America Should be Under God; TREASURY OF PRESIDENTIAL QUOTATIONS; WHAT EVERY AMERICAN NEEDS TO KNOW ABOUT THE QUR'AN-A History of Islam

& the U.S; CHANGE TO CHAINS-The 6,000 year quest for global control.

Bill contributed chapters to other books, including: JUDICIAL TYRANNY-the new kings of America-Mark Sutherland; FREEDOM-foreword by Dr. Benjamin Hooks; WHY THE CONSERVATIVE MIND MATTERS-Bill Owens; MIRACLES IN AMERICAN HISTORY-32 Amazing Stories of Answered Prayer-Susie Federer.

Bill has spoken across America, at events from Mount Rushmore to the U.S. Capitol. He has addressed audiences with Congressmen, Senators, Candidates, Sports Stars, Military Officers spoken at political conventions, debates, U.S. House Conference Committee, U.S. Congressional Staff Briefings, U.S. Military Bases, State Capitols, Legislative Hearings, National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences St. Louis/Mid-America Emmy Awards, Veterans of Foreign Wars, American Legion Posts and Conventions, National Day of Prayer Events, U.S. Military Chaplains' Conventions, Officer Candidate School Graduation-Ft. Benning, Colonial Dames, Daughters/Sons of the American Revolution, National Lawyers Association, Federalist Society, Mayor's Breakfasts, Given Key to the City, American Association of Retired Persons, National Postal Mail Handlers Union, Retired St. Louis City Employees, Kiwanis Clubs, Jaycee Chapters, Rotary Clubs, Knights of Columbus, Zig Ziglar Corporation, AT&T/Southwestern Bell Office Fellowships, NFRA Conventions, Eagle Forum Conventions, Donna Hearne's Constitutional Coalition-Educational Policy Conference, CNP, Concerned Women for America, TeenPact, Pachyderms, Reclaiming America Conference, Family Policy Councils, Bill Gothard's Advanced Training Institute Conferences, Missouri Farm Bureau, Adopt-a-Farm, National Honor Society, Student Leadership Conferences, Fellowship of Christian Athletes, Public/Private High School Assemblies, Graduations, PTA Meetings, Universities, Colleges, Institutes, National Parks, Washington University Weidenbaum Center debate, Council for Secular Humanism debate, Retired Teacher's Association, Home School Meetings, Verity Institute, The Pillar Foundation, Liberty Classical School, Political Townhall Moderator for State Rep. Alan Icet, Business Luncheons, Boy Scouts of America Courts of Honor, CBMC Meetings, Council for Extended Care Charity Auction, Contractor Association, Hospitals, Prisons, Pastor's Conferences & Churches, Mark Skousen's FreedomFest, Little Creek Naval Base, Fort McPherson, Fort Hood, Fort Benning, Charles Melvin Price Base and others.

Bill gained national recognition for lecturing and writing, receiving an Honorary Doctorate of Humanities from American Christian College in 2004. George Washington Honor Medal by the Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge, Broward County Chapter; Bott Radio Network Great American Award, honored by the American Legion Defense of Veterans Memorials Project, Rees Lloyd, Director; Eagle Award from Phyllis Schlafly, Eagle Forum, Delegate to the 2000 Republican National Convention, Advisory Board Memberr of Regent University.

Bill's campaign for Congress in 2000 was key in keeping the U.S. House in majority control, as his opponent, Minority Leader Dick Gephardt, had to give up plans of campaigning for other candidates. Gephardt boasted of being the next "Speaker" but instead had his toughest re-election, spending $6 million against Federer's $3 million from 35,000 contributors across America, in the nation's 3rd most expensive Congressional race that year.(US News & World Report, 11/7/06, listed nationally among the most expensive House races of 2000 & 2004). President Bush's uncle, William H.T. "Bucky" Bush, co-chaired Bill's finance committee. Speaker Dennis Hastert, Majority Leader Dick Army, Conference Chairman J.C. Watts, Jr., Ambassador Alan Keyes, Phyllis Schlafly, William J. Murray, David Limbaugh, Chief Justice Roy Moore and other national leaders campaigned for Bill. Written and/or radio endorsements were received from Pat Boone, Chuck Norris, Ted Nugent, Art Linkletter and Dr. James Dobson. "Highly effective political machinery" was Gephardt's reluctant admission of Federer in an appeal letter, as Bill received the most votes ever against him! The same week Bill won in court against Gephardt's machine, Gephardt announced he would not seek re-election. Bill ran in 2004, winning Jefferson County and receiving 47% of the vote, the highest number of votes received in Missouri's 3rd Congressional District by a Republican since statehood.

Born October 1, 1957, Bill was raised in south St. Louis, 5th of eleven children, Bill lettered in wrestling, football and was a state finalist in track-high hurdles. He graduated from St. Louis University High School ('76), studied at University of Dallas, Texas ('76-`78); in Rome, Italy ('78), and graduated from Saint Louis University (`80) with a degree in Accounting/Business Administration.

After college, Bill worked for Federer Realty, founded in 1913 by his grandfather, William A. Federer, who was president of the St. Louis Board of Realtors, as was his father Richard L. Federer, building large portions of the city and county. His uncle and namesake taught at St. Louis University, led retreats at White House Retreat Center and worked with native Americans, seniors and inner-city poor. His father's cousin, Charles A. Federer, Jr., was founder of Sky & Telescope Magazine at Harvard.

Bill worked in real estate, oil & gas industry (Santa Fe Industries `81-`84), and held positions with community organizations, charity groups, churches-working with youth, families, elderly and minorities. He served as a Scoutmaster, having been an Eagle Scout.

Bill married his high school sweetheart, Susan Maria Misko, on May 2, 1981. Susan received the Jefferson Award for Outstanding Community Service by U.S. Senator John Danforth in 1980 for being spokesperson of the Missouri/Illinois Red Cross Blood Services and working with elderly/handicapped. Sue graduated with honors from Cor Jesu High School ('76), Fontbonne College ('80), worked for St. Louis Union Trust. Sue became a licensed real estate, an insurance agent, and is a broker-specialist. Bill and Sue have four grown children.

REVIEWS: Paul Weyrich reviewed Bill's book ENDANGERED SPEECHES

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William J. Federer stated:

<A statesman leader is someone who is willing to sacrifice his career for his country; whereas an ambitious politician will sacrifice his country for his career.

A stateman leader states what he believes, regardless of opinion polls; whereas an ambitious politician reads the opinion polls to find out what he believes.

The Founders sacificed their prosperity for their posterity, pledging their "lives, fortunes and sacred honor," whereas today Americans are sacrificing their posterity for prosperity, saddling their children and grandchildren with the world's greatest debt.

A person will be controlled, either voluntarily from the inside, or forcefully from the outside. Our government was designed to govern people who could govern themselves. The less internal restraints a populous has, the more external restraints it will demand! The displacing of traditional morality with the encouragement to experiment and follow one's passions is a precursor to anarchy, then despotic tyranny!

Islam is not just a religion, but also a political and military system, because Mohammed was not just a religious leader, he was also a political and military leader, fighting in 66 battle and raids. Therefore the effort to split the political/militant side of Islam away from the religious side is effectively trying to split Mohammed.

Public opinion polls are an adult version of peer pressure.

Our country is controlled by laws; laws are controlled by politicians; politicians are controlled by voters; voters are controlled by public opinion; and public opinion is controlled by the media & education;-so whoever controls the media & education, controls the country.

In a traditional home a child quickly figures out that his dad has final say, but he has to go through mommy to get to daddy - or nag big sister, who will nag mommy who will pull daddy's chain.

If a child can figure out where the power sits and manipulate to get his way, is it that difficult to realize that some have figured out in America the power sits with the laws, but to change them one must influence politicians by influencing voters by influencing public opinion by controlling the media & education.

The cyclical nature of history can be observed in the ancient history of Israel, as chronicled in the Book of Judges. First, they made a covenant with God and were blessed; then they backslid by worshipping the other gods; then prophets called them to repentance; when they did not repent, judgment came; then they repented and a deliverer came, ie. Joshua, Gideon, Samson,...; when they were delivered, they renewed their covenant with God and were blessed, beginning the cycle all over again.

America has had its own cycle, to major and minor degrees. America made a covenant with God. Where? In the Declaration of Independence, which states "appealing to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe for the rectitude of our intentions." America was then blessed, inventing the telegraph, steam engine and steam boat; but America was backslid by allowing slavery. "Prophets" called America to repentance, such as the abolitionist societies, and leaders like Benjamin Franklin, who, after signing the Constitution, became the first president of the first anti-slavery society in America.

When our nation didn't repent, the judgment of the Civil War came and over a half-million people died; then America repented and was delivered.

Lincoln renewed out covenant with God by establishing an annual National Day of Thanksgiving to God, 1863, and placing "In God We Trust" on our national coinage, 1865. The question is, where on the cycle is America today?

A definition of "religion" is "a system of belief." "Belief" is defined as "thoughts, convictions or opinions upon which one bases their actions." Therefore, anyone who does "actions" has thoughts that precede those actions, that collection of thoughts is their belief system - their religion.

Thus it follows that as long as the government is doing "actions," the government has somebody's thoughts preceding its actions. Those thoughts are the govenment's belief system or religion.

Therefore, you cannot have a separation of "belief" and State, unless the government ceases to do actions.

There is a religion or system of belief being taught in public schools is "situation ethics," where children learn that if there are too many people in a life-boat, they need to decide which one to shove overboard. Those same youth leave the classroom, decide there are too many people in their neighborhood and kill some. How can we get upset at these students for simply acting out the "system of belief" they were taught in school?

If we do not like students actions, maybe we need to change the thoughts that precede their actions, and possibly reconsider the time-tested, old-fashioned Hebrew code: Do not participate in drive-by shootings (thou shalt not murder); Do not take anything that is not yours (thou shalt not steal); Do not shoot a classmate for his tennis shoes (thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's goods); Do not beat-up your parents (honor your father and mother); Keep your mouth out of the gutter and stop profanity and cursing (thou shalt not take God's name in vain); Do not be greedy for things (thou shalt not worship idols); Take one day off a week (keep holy the Sabbath); and a revolutionary approach to avoid contracting AIDS while solving the teen-pregnancy problem, wait till marriage (thou shalt not commit adultery).

Once the Ten Commandments were removed from the school walls, metal-detectors had to be installed at the school doors.

George Wilhelm Fredrich Hegel, called the philosophical dictator of Germany in the early 1800's, made an observation in human behavior that "crises brings change" and that individuals were willing to relinquish their freedoms in order to avert crises. This concept was used by both Marx and Hitler, whose fomenting of unrest and anarchy resulted in power being consolidated into their hands.

A simultaneous phenomenon is that in the midst of these Machiavellian crises, it is often that a crisis brings men to Christ.

In reading all the colonial charters, one discovers that different colonies were founded by different denominations (Virginia-Anglican, Massachusetts-Puritan, Rhode Island-Baptist, Connecticut and New Hampshire-Congregationalists, New York-Dutch Reformed, Delaware and New Jersey-Swedish Lutheran, Maryland-Catholic, Pennsylvania-Quaker, Carolinas-Anglican & others, Georgia-Protestant.

These denominations did not get along and chased each other out of each other's colonies. But they had to learn to work together to fight the King of England during the Revolution. Afterwards, their attitude was "I do not agree with your doctrine, but since you were willing to fight and die for my freedom, I need to let you practice your faith."

The First Amendment was passed to make sure the Federal Government did not pick one Christian denomination and make it the National one, which is what most of the countries of Europe had done.

They never imagined that 200 years later courts would outlaw public expressions of their Judeo-Christian beliefs.

God does not need your ability, just your availability.> 1957WF001

Author's Biographical Note in the Appendix of the book, "George Washington Carver-His Life and Faith in His Own Words":

<The first book I remember reading as a boy was the life of George Washington Carver, given to me by my grandparents, Orval and Therese Epperson, affectionately known as "Poppy and Dede." They lived in the southwest Missouri town of Neosho, the Osage Indian word for clear, cold water. (There is a Big Spring in the middle of town.) The town saw many Civil War raids and skirmishes. A highlight of ours was visiting my grandparents on Easter. We would drive the 8 miles from Neosho to Diamond Grove and visit the George Washington Carver Memorial.

After reading this book, I ask your indulgence in allowing me to give you a glimpse into the life of one family in that small town of Neosho, where George lived and went to school as a young boy. Indeed, in a unique way, my childhood was touched by the same surroundings some 90 years later.

As best as my mother can trace, the Epperson family came from France, where the name was spelled d'Epernon. The family migrated through the Netherlands to England, then sailed to Virginia in 1675. They moved to Tennessee then to Marion, Illinois, where George Washington Epperson was born in 1848. He moved to McDonald County, Missouri, in 1855, where his son William Stanley Epperson was born in 1868. On October 13, 1891, Orval William Epperson, my grandfather, was born on a rugged Ozark farm near Anderson, Missouri.

In 1906, at age 15, Orval left the farm and hopped on a freight train to Neosho to get an education. He worked odd jobs around town to pay his tuition and was hired in 1907 by the Bank of Neosho to sweep floors and run errands, working his way up to be an assistant. In 1918, he took a leave of absence to fight in France during World War I, being assigned to the 338th Machine Gun Battalion 88th Division.

After the war, he returned to the bank and worked there the rest of his life, being promoted to vice president. As President of the School Board, he handed each of his three children their diplomas at their high school graduations. He was instrumental in purchasing the land for the current location of Neosho High School. Everyone in Newton County knew him and his 65th year at the bank was celebrated as "Orval Epperson Day."

On July 4, 1919, Orval married a girl of French descent, Therese Gertrude DeBrosse, "Dede." Born in Monett, Missouri, April 21, 1893, Therese moved to Neosho and began working at William P. Stark Nurseries at the edge of town. She was beautiful and in 1918 her photograph was featured in an advertisement selling apples and peaches.

In this town, nicknamed "The Flower Box City," my grandfather never learned to drive a car, but walked to work, walked back home for lunch (the big meal of the day) and walked again home in the evening. The epitome' of a green-thumb gardener, Orval took pride that no matter what season it was, something was almost always blooming in the yard. My grandmother's nickname for him was "Mr. Peaceful."

My grandparent's dream home came true when they purchased 344 South Hamilton, a large white house on several acres just up McKinney Street from the oldest operating Federal Fish Hatchery-built in 1888. Their two-story house had 12-foot ceilings, walnut stair banisters and large sliding doors between rooms. In the late 1800's, two prominent lawyers competed to see who could build the best house. My grandparents' home was one, and the other home at the top of the hill, belonged to the family of artist Thomas Hart Benton.

During the Great Depression and World War II, my grandparents responded to the needs of the community by allowing the soldiers stationed at Camp Crowder and their wives to live in their house. Couples dwelt in every room, sharing a bathroom down the hall. Up to 18 people lived in the house one year. My grandparents put an outside door on their bedroom and every morning, rain or snow, they would walk outside around the house to the kitchen so as not to disturb those in the living room. A large upstairs closet was the home for a young woman from St. Louis and her husband from France. Trailers were all over the yard and my grandfather installed a bath and laundry machine in the basement for these families to use.

My grandparents had a son, Orval Wilford "Billy" Epperson. A straight-A student and an Eagle Scout, Billy volunteered when World War II started and was assigned a bombardier on a B-17 Flying Fortress, 525th Squadron, 379 Bomb Group A.P.O. 550 (#0-768946).

Flying over Neosho as they headed out to Kimbolton, England, 23-year-old Billy wrote a Happy Mother's Day note to his mom, tied it with a handkerchief to a small piece of metal and dropped in from the plane. A neighbor got it and brought to my grandparents. That was the closest they would ever be again, as Billy was shot down by the Nazis on his first mission, July 9, 1944.

For a year his official status was "Missing in Action" and my grandparents prayed he might still be alive. Their hearts were broken when a year later his status was changed to deceased and his few possessions were sent home. After the war, they put a gravestone for him in the Neosho cemetery. In 2005, my sister Winnie researched declassified government records and found that his plane had plunged into the English Channel near Holland.

My grandparent's older daughter was Joan, who was beautiful, intelligent and voted Neosho's "Centennial Queen." She worked for an advertising agency in New York and eventually moved to California with her husband Jim Giles, a Texas A & M graduate who later was president of American Cement Company. After having three children, Chris, Eppy and Ali, Joan earned her Ph.D. in English and taught at Claremont College as did Jim, who was head of the Finance Department.

In the 1926, my grandmother, Dede, had seen MGM's epic silent motion picture Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ, written by Civil War General Lew Wallace. She was so taken by the actress playing the role of Ben Hur's sister, Tirzah, that she gave that name to their last child, my mother.

My mother, Tirzah, was gorgeous and during the War had every soldier at Neosho's USO hall wanting to dance with her. After high school, she broke many hearts by refusing numerous marriage offers and travelled 300 miles across Missouri to attend Webster College in St. Louis County.

There, while stage director in the drama department's production of Our Town, Tirzah met my father, Richard Louis "Dick" Federer, who was a St. Louis University student (and later attorney) from a prominent St. Louis real estate family. She liked dating him because he was imaginative, creative, and always filled with ideas. Besides, she loved dancing with him.

A humorous story when they first met happened when my mother said she needed to go home to Neosho. My father offered to drive her there in a few minutes, thinking she was referring to a street in south St. Louis named "Neosho."

After graduation, my mother moved to Washington, D.C., to work for the Department of Navy. She was later hired as a junior executive at Kahn's Department Store. My father, with stubborn German determination, drove 900 miles across the country to court her and then drove to Neosho to visit her parents.

Tirzah and Dick were married June 10, 1950, at little Saint Canera's church on a hill overlooking Neosho. Dick's best man was Ted Wetterau, of Wetterau Foods, who later had Dick be his best man when he married his wife, Helen. The day before the wedding, Tirzah and Dick went into a field and gathered daises for the church altar. That night a tornado swept through Neosho.

My parents went on to have 11 children: Mimi, Kathy, Dicky, Lisa, Billy, Winnie, Tommy, Teddy, Connie, Jimmy, Johnny, and over 60 grandchildren!

Growing up, we looked forward to the long, hilly drive on the two-lane Highway 66 from St. Louis to Carthage, then south to Neosho. Often traffic was backed up for miles and we would hold our breath as Dad slam down on the accelerator and pass those slow 18-wheeler trucks. As we crossed the railroad tracks into Neosho, Dad would teasingly tell us to lift our feet. Late at night we would pull into Dede and Poppy's driveway and see the warm glow of their screen porch light left on for us.

Neosho was a great town for kids. Walking down the big hill of Lafayette Street, which my mother claimed was great to sled down in the winter, we would explore the town square, the old hotel, the nickel & dime store, city hall, and the Bank of Neosho. We loved playing miniature golf or visiting the Fish Hatchery. We would put pennies on the railroad tracks and wait for a train to come and smash them.

Once Poppy took me to his barber who shaved my head so close my siblings did not recognize when I walked home. One summer, my brother Rich, cousin Eppy and I had the fond experience of spending time in Neosho. Then, for a few weeks, it was just Dede, Poppy and me.

I rode my bike across every hill in Neosho, from the railroad tracks to Big Spring Park, collecting every kind of leaf I could find, which Poppy would identify for me as I taped it in a scrap book. I imagine much of the town I explored was the same as when George Washington Carver lived there as a boy.

My family often visited the George Washington Carver Memorial in Diamond Grove. We watched the movie of his life and saw the replica of the cabin where he was raised. We stared at the tree where "Uncle Mose" Carver was hung up by his thumbs while raiders blistered his feet with hot coals that fateful night when George was kidnapped. We hiked through the woods and imagined young George touching the tiny plants and flowers, knowing someday he would touch the world.

On December 13, 2000, I was honored to be the keynote speaker at an Officer Candidate School Graduation Formal Dinner at Fort Benning, Georgia. In greeting new officers, I met Second Lieutenant McDaniel and his father, Willie, who was employed at Tuskegee University. He suggested I visit the campus, which I did on my trip home. My long desire of seeing the buildings where George Washington Carver and Booker T. Washington lived and worked was fulfilled.

Much like visiting a secret garden, the life of George Washington Carver holds mystery and inspiration, as a quiet woods beckons one deeper. His life bearing such great fruit seems to be rooted in his quiet, intimate relationship with his Creator. By reading his own words, we can get a glimpse into the humble heart of this outstanding man, and perhaps discover keys to life's great accomplishments.

Over the years I have spoken across America, on radio, TV, at Colleges, Universities, Military Bases, from the National Lawyers Association and American Legion Halls to Mount Rushmore and the U.S. Capitol. Through this, I have become friends with many great African American leaders who mirror the spirit of George Washington Carver, rising from humble beginnings to impacting the world. They, like Carver, inspire us to "work on projects which fulfill a real human need."

I am grateful to my grandparents for introducing me to the life of George Washington Carver and I am grateful for the opportunity of sharing his life and faith with you.> 1957WF002

J.C. Watts, Jr. (b.November 8, 1957) was a U.S. Representative from Oklahoma and Chairman of the House Conference Committee. He graduated from the University of Oklahoma, 1981; played professional football, 1981-86; was a youth minister at the Sunnyland Baptist Church, Del City, 1987-94; member of the Oklahoma Corp. Commission 1990-94, chairman 1993-94; elected to the 104th Congress from the 4th district of Oklahoma, 1995; member of the National Drinking Water Adv. Council; member of the electricity commission; and member of the National Association Regulatory Utility Commissioners.

On Tuesday, February 5, 1997, U.S. Representative J.C. Watts delivered the Republican response to President Clinton's State of the Union Address:

<We believe first of all that the state of this union really isn't determined in Washington, D.C. It never has been, and it never will be. Gut for a long time the federal government has been grabbing too much power and too much authority over all of the people....

The strength of America is not in Washington, the strength of America is at home in lives well lived in the land of faith and family. The strength of America is not on Wall Street but on Main Street, not in big business but in small business with local owners and workers. It's not in Congress, it's in the city hall. And I pray Republicans and Democrats both understand this....

First, we can help our country by bringing back the knowledge, the ancient wisdom, that we're nothing without our spiritual, traditional and family values....I didn't get my values from Washington. I got my values from my parents, from Buddy and Helen Watts, in Eufaula, Oklahoma. I got my values growing up in a poor black neighborhood on the east side of the railroad tracks, where money was scarce but dreams were plentiful and love was all around. I got my values from a strong family, a strong church and a strong neighborhood.

I wasn't raised to be a Republican or Democrat. My parents just taught by example. They taught me and my brothers and sisters that, if you lived under their roof, you were going to work. They taught us, if you made a mistake, as we all do, you've got to own up to it, you call it what it is, and you try to turn it around. They taught us, if you spend more money than you make, you're on a sure road to disaster.

I was taught to respect everyone for the simple reason that we're all God's children. I was taught, in the words of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and from my uncle, Wade Watts, to judge a man not by the color of his skin, but by the content of his character. And I was taught that character does count, and that character is simply doing what's right when nobody's looking....

For the past 30 years our nation's spent $5 trillion trying to erase poverty, and the result, as you know, is that we didn't get rid of it at all. In fact, we spread it. We destroyed the self-esteem of millions of people, grinding them down in a welfare system that penalizes moms for wanting to marry the father of their children, and penalizes moms for wanting to save money. Friends, that's not right....

A number of my colleagues and I...are working on a package called The American Community Renewal Act. It seeks to return government to the side of the institutions that hold communities together: faith, family, hard work, strong neighborhoods. This will help rebuild low income communities through their own moral renewal and giving them economic opportunity. It also recognizes that faith-based institutions contribute to the healing of our nation's problems. So our first priority is to bring values back and give them pride of place in our moral and economic renewal. And in the next few weeks we will be visiting a number of communities to highlight the accomplishments of active faith-based organizations....

We are more than $5 trillion in debt. This year we will spend $330 billion on interest payments alone on the national debt. And you know what? Not one dime of that $330 billion will go to strengthen Medicare, Medicaid. Not one dime of it will go to find a cure for cancer or fight drugs and crime. And worse yet, not one dime will go toward learning, making the classrooms a centerpiece of our education. Over $5 trillion worth of national debt is more than financially irresponsible.

Friends, its immoral, because someone is going to have to pay the piper. And you know who it's going to be? It's going to be our kids and our grandkids.

The American family is already overtaxed. Right now the average family spends about half of every dollar they earn in some type of government tax or government fee. Consider a 5-year-old child today. If things continue as they are, by the time they're 25 they'll pay about 84 cents of every dollar they make in some government tax or government fee. Friends, that's more than a shame, it's a scandal....

I want to say a few words about the...vision of how we can continue to make this one nation under God, indivisible with liberty and justice for all....Too often when we talk about racial healing, we make the old assumption that government can heal the racial divide....Republicans and Democrats-red, yellow, black and white-have to understand that we must individually, all of us, accept our share of responsibility....

It does not happen by dividing us into racial groups. It does not happen by trying to turn rich against poor or by using the politics of fear. It does not happen by reducing our values to the lowest common denominator. And friends, it does not happen by asking Americans to accept what's immoral and wrong in the name of tolerance....

We must be a people who dare, dare to take responsibility for our hatred and fears and ask God to heal us from within. And we must be a people of prayer, a people who pray as if the strength of our nation depended on it, because it does....

I've often told the story of a boy and his father. The father was trying to get some work done, and the boy wanted the daddy's attention, but the father was busy at his desk with so much to do. To occupy the boy, this father....remembered that he had seen a picture of the world in this magazine. In what he thought was a stroke of genius, the father tore out the picture and tore it into 20 different pieces, and he said, "Here son. Go put the world back together." And you know what happened? Five minutes later the little

Michelangelo was back, saying, "Daddy, look what I've done." The father looked, and he said, "Son, how did you do it so quickly? How did you put the world back together so quickly?" And the little boy answered, "Dad, it was easy. There was a picture of a man on the back of the map, on the back of the world. And once I put the man back together, the world fell into place." And friends, this is our agenda: to put our men and women back together, and, in that way, get our country back together.

I am reminded of the final words of President John Kennedy's inaugural address. He said this: "Let us go forth to lead the land we love, knowing that here on earth, God's work truly must be our own." I say Amen to that.

Thank you for your graciousness in listening to me so late in the evening. God bless you, and God bless our children.> 1957JW001

On September 12, 2001, Congressman J.C. Watts, Jr. released the following statement in response to the previous day's terrorist attacks upon the World Trade Center and the Pentagon:

<Terrorism invades our borders. The tragedy Americans experienced yesterday was a blemish on our nation's history. It was a day that will be remembered by families in New York City, Washington, D.C. and every town throughout the country.

Unlike momentous days of joy that we remember and tell our grandchildren about, September 11, 2001 will be a day we will recall for years to come with sadness and sorrow. Like Pearl Harbor, like the Oklahoma City bombing, the surprise attack on the people and sites that run this country, economy, military and government will not be the final word.

There can be no justice without peace. And there can be no peace without justice. Over six years ago, I stood on the Floor of the House and condemned the bombing of the federal building in Oklahoma City.

Today, like 1995, we should remain strong. We should not succumb to fear. For if we succumb to fear and paranoia, the terrorist has won.

In this time of emergency and mourning, let us open our hearts to those who need our help. If you can, give your blood. If you can, give your time. Fly an American flag at half-mast. And take time to pray. Give thanks to those who our helping us through this crisis and give thoughts to those whose suffer because of the will of faceless cowards.

Our nation will get through this upheaval. We will not let the pernicious intentions of an unidentified organization curtail the business of the United States of America. To the families and friends of those who lost their lives, know that you are not alone in your sorrow. I pray for you; we pray for you.

And to the medics, doctors, nurses, firefighters, police, rescue workers, Salvation Army, Red Cross and all of the other emergency personnel on the scene of the incidents, we thank you for your service to the nation and to our sister communities in New York and Washington, D.C. Politics has taken the day off.

Today Congress remembers and recognizes the afflicted and the sorrowing and those who come to the aid of their fellow man. Ralph Waldo Emerson, in 1842, captured what we are thinking as a nation today:

"Sorrow makes us all children again, destroys all differences of intellect. The wisest knows nothing."

I thank my colleagues for their service and leadership during this national tragedy.> 1957JW002

On October 7, 2001, House Republican Conference Chairman J.C. Watts, Jr. (R.-Okla.) issued the following statement from Washington, D.C., in response to the U.S. air strikes against al-Qaida and Taliban military targets in Afghanistan:

<I fully support the air strikes launched by the United States and Great Britain today against al-Qaida and Taliban military targets in Afghanistan. I have full confidence that Congress will remain united in support of President Bush, our leader and commander-in-chief.

While we're one step closer to bringing to justice those that attacked the U.S. on September 11, it's important for the American people to remain patient while this worldwide campaign moves forward. I urge every American to keep America's sons and daughters in uniform in their thoughts and prayers."> 1957JW003

New York Supreme Court (1958) in the case of Baer v. Kolmorgen, 181 N.Y S. 2d. 230, 237 (Sup. Ct. N. Y. 1958), Judge Gallagher stated:

<Much has been written in recent years concerning Thomas Jefferson's reference in 1802 to "a wall of separation between church and State."...Jefferson's figure of speech has received so much attention that one would almost think at times that it is to be found somewhere in our Constitution.> 1958NY001

Ohio State Motto (1959) stated:

<With God All Things are Possible.> 1959OH001

On March 16, 2001, in a 9-4 decision, the 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that this motto was constitutional. This overturned a previous decision to prohibit the motto by a three-judge panel of the same court April 2000, which decision, as described by Supreme Court Justice William Rehnquist:

<...bristled with hostility toward religion.> 1959OH002

Matthew Peterson, a Presbyterian minister from Cleveland, sued the State of Ohio to remove the motto with the backing of the American Civil Liberties Union and the support of the Americans United for the Separation of Church and State.

Judge David A. Nelson, writing the majority decision approving the motto, stated:

<We...would add that, just as the motto does not have as its primary purpose the advancement of religion, it does not have the primary effect of advancing religion either...

For most of our history as an independent nation, the words of the constitutional prohibition against enactment of any law "respecting an establishment of religion" were commonly assumed to mean what they literally said. The provision was not understood as prohibiting the state from merely giving voice, in general terms, to religious sentiments widely shared by those of its citizens who profess a belief in God.> 1959OH003

Jay Sekulow of the American Center for Law and Justice, which represented the State of Ohio in the case, stated:

<This is an important victory for freedom and a sound defeat for those who want to strip our nation of its religious heritage. The decision comes at a time when there is a national movement underway to remove any mention of "God" from the public arena."

The court decision affirms what we have believed from the beginning-the Ohio motto is constitutional and represents an important recognition that the motto reflects both the cultural and historical importance of our past and should not be banned.> 1959OH004

The Ohio motto, "With God All Things are Possible," is used on official stationery, tax forms and on a bronze plate in the sidewalk at an entrance to the Ohio State House in Columbus. Ohio Governor Bob Taft called the ruling:

<A victory for the people of our state and the traditions that bind us together.> 1959OH005

Governor Taft continued:

<I agree with the majority opinion that our motto serves a secular purpose, instilling confidence and optimism and exhorting the listener or reader not to give up and to continue to strive. Our state motto has overwhelming support, and I'm pleased that we have survived this challenge.> 1959OH006

Alaska (January 3, 1959) was the 49th State admitted to the Union. The Constitution of the State of Alaska, adopted April 24, 1956, stated:

<Preamble. We, the people of Alaska, grateful to God and to those who founded our nation and pioneered this great land, in order to secure and transmit to succeeding generations our heritage of political, civil and religious liberty within the Union of States, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the State of Alaska.> 1959AK001

<Article I, Section 4. Freedom of Religion. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.> 1959AK002

<Article I, Section 19. Right to Keep and Bear Arms. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. The individual right to keep and bear arms shall not be denied or infringed by the State or a political subdivision of the State.> 1959AK003

<Article II, Section 17. Bills Not Signed. A bill becomes law if, while the legislature is in session, the governor neither signs nor vetoes it within fifteen days, Sundays excepted, after its delivery to him. If the legislature is not in session and the governor neither signs nor vetoes a bill within twenty days, Sundays excepted, after its delivery to him, the bill becomes law.> 1959AK004

Atomic Energy Commission (August 20, 1959) Dr. T.N. Tahmisian stated in The Fresno Bee:

<Scientists who go about teaching that evolution is a fact of life are great con-men, and the story they are telling may be the greatest hoax ever. In explaining evolution we do not have one iota of fact.> 1959TT001

Hawaii (August 21, 1959) was the 50th State admitted to the Union. The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, adopted 1959, stated:

<Preamble. We, the people of Hawaii, Grateful for Divine Guidance...establish this Constitution.> 1959HI001

Hawaii became a U.S. Territory JULY 7, 1898, as President McKinley signed the Treaty of Annexation.

In 1778, British Captain James Cook discovered the islands, and in 1779, he was killed there.

The Hawaiian Islands were united by King Kamehameha I in 1810.

In 1819, King Kamehameha I died. His wife, Ka'ahumanu, and his son, Liholiho (King Kamehameha II), abolished the pagan religion with its kapu rules and human sacrifice.

The next year the first missionaries, led by Hiram Bingham and Yale graduate Asa Thurston, with his wife, Lucy, arrived from New England on the brig Thaddeus.

Bingham helped create a written language and a spelling system, then translated the Bible into the Hawaiian Language.

In 1823, Queen Ka'ahumanu and six high chiefs requested to be baptized. The government then banned prostitution and drunkenness, resulting in sailors resenting the missionaries influence.

In 1824, Chiefess Kapiolani, the cousin of Kamehameha I, defied the volcano goddess Pele by saying a Christian prayer, climbing down into the lava crater and returning unharmed, then eating the forbidden helo berries.

In 1825, Queen Ke'opuolani first spoke Hawaii's Motto, "The Life of the Land is Perpetuated in Righteousness," as she was baptized into the Christian faith.

When Liholiho (King Kamehameha II) died, his brother, King Kamehameha III, ascended to the throne, having the longest reign in Hawaii's history, 1825-1854. He signed both the 1840 and 1852 Constitutions.

"Kingdom of Hawai`i Constitution of 1840, Declaration of Rights of People and Chiefs:

'God hath made of one blood all nations of men to dwell on the earth,' in unity and blessedness. God has also bestowed certain rights alike on all men and all chiefs, and all people of all lands...

God has also established government, and rule for the purpose of peace...We are aware that we cannot ourselves alone accomplish such an object-

-God must be our aid, for it is His province alone to give perfect protection and prosperity.--Wherefore we first present our supplication to HIM, that he will guide us to right measures and sustain us in our work.

It is therefore our fixed decree,

That no law shall be enacted which is at variance with the word of the Lord Jehovah, or at variance with the general spirit of His word. All laws of the Islands shall be in consistency with the general spirit of God's law.
All men of every religion shall be protected in worshiping Jehovah, and serving Him, according to their own understanding, but no man shall ever be punished for neglect of God unless he injures his neighbor, of bring evil on the kingdom...

The above constitution has been agreed to by the Nobles, and we have hereunto subscribed our names, this eighth day of October, in the year of our Lord 1840, at Honolulu, Oahu. (Signed) Kamehameha III. Kekauluohi"

King Kamehameha granted the freshwater springs, called "Ka Wai," where High Chiefess Ha'o frequented, for the building of the Kawaiaha'o Church.

Located on the Island of O'ahu, the Kawaiaha'o Church is listed on the state and national registers of historic sites, as it is one of the first Christian churches in Hawaii.

Built between 1836-1842 in New England style architecture, it was called the "Westminster Abbey of Hawaii," constructed with 14,000 coral slabs, quarried by hand from reefs 10 to 20 feet under water - each slab weighed more than 1,000 pounds.

Within its walls the kingdom's royalty prayed, sang hymns, were married, christened their children, and finally laid in state. On the grounds surrounding the church are buried some of the original missionaries.

When Hawaii became the 50th U.S. State in 1959, the historic occasion was marked by ceremonies within the sanctuary walls of the Kawaiaha'o Church.

On April 19, 1970, President Richard Nixon spoke at the church, saying:

"Reverend Akaka...I wanted to attend...this great church, with all of its history that is here...having in mind the fact that today...you will be commemorating the 150th anniversary of Christianity in...these islands."

Hawaii State Motto (August 21, 1959) stated:

<Ua Mau Ke Ea O Ka Aina I Ka Pono (The Life of the Land is perpetuated in Righteousness.)> 1959HI002

United States Supreme Court (1962) in the case of Engle v. Vitale; as quoted in Stone v. Graham, 449 U.S. 39, 46 (1980) and Abington v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203, 212 (1963), stated:

<The history of man is inseparable from the history of religion.> 1962US001

In his dissenting opinion in the case of Engle v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421, 445-446 (1962), Justice Potter Stewart stated:

<I think that the Court's task, in this as in all areas of constitutional adjudication, is not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of metaphors like the "wall of separation," a phrase nowhere to be found in the Constitution.> 1962US002

Abington Township School District, Pennsylvania (prior to 1963) endorsed the public school policy stating:

<Each school...shall be opened by the reading, without comment, of a chapter in the Holy Bible....Participation in the opening exercises...is voluntary. The student reading the verses from the Bible may select the passages and read from any version he chooses....There are no prefatory statements, no questions asked or solicited, no comments or explanations made and no interpretations given at or during the exercises. The students and parents are advised that the student may absent himself from the classroom or, should he elect to remain, not participate in the exercises.> 1962PA001

United States Supreme Court (1963) in the case of School District of Abington Township v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203, 212, 225 (1963), pp. 21, 71; Associate Justice Tom Clark delivered the Court's opinion; Justice William Joseph Brennan, Jr., concurring:

<It is true that religion has been closely identified with our history and government. As we said in Engle v. Vitale, "The history of man is inseparable from the history of religion."

Secularism is unconstitutional....preferring those who do not believe over those who do believe....It is the duty of government to deter no-belief religions....

Facilities of government cannot offend religious principles....

[T]he State may not establish a 'religion of secularism' in the sense of affirmatively opposing or showing hostility to religion, thus 'preferring those who believe in no religion over those who do believe.

In addition, it might well be said that one's education is not complete without a study of comparative religion or the history of religion and its relationship to the advancement of civilization. It certainly may be said that the Bible is worthy of study for its literary and historic qualities.

Nothing we have said here indicates that such study of the Bible or of religion, when presented objectively as part of a secular program of education, may not be effected consistently with the First Amendment.

The holding of the Court today plainly does not foreclose teaching about the Holy Scriptures or about the differences between religious sects in classes in literature or history. Indeed, whether or not the Bible is involved, it would be impossible to teach meaningfully many subjects in the social sciences or the humanities without some mention of religion....

Any attempt to impose rigid limits upon the mention of God or references to the Bible in the classroom would be fraught with dangers.

Not every involvement of religion in public life is unconstitutional.> 1963US001

Geert Wilders (b.September 6, 1963) is a Dutch politician and leader of the Party for Freedom, a political party in The Netherlands. On September 25, 2008, Geert Wilder gave a warning to the United States, "America the Last Man Standing," at the Four Seasons Hotel, New York:

<Dear friends, Thank you very much for inviting me. I come to America with a mission. All is not well in the old world. There is a tremendous danger looming, and it is very difficult to be optimistic. We might be in the final stages of the Islamization of Europe. This not only is a clear and present danger to the future of Europe itself, it is a threat to America and the sheer survival of the West.

The United States as the last bastion of Western civilization, facing an Islamic Europe. First I will describe the situation on the ground in Europe. Then, I will say a few things about Islam. To close I will tell you about a meeting in Jerusalem. The Europe you know is changing. You have probably seen the landmarks. But in all of these cities, sometimes a few blocks away from your tourist destination, there is another world.

It is the world of the parallel society created by Muslim mass-migration. All throughout Europe a new reality is rising: entire Muslim neighborhoods where very few indigenous people reside or are even seen. And if they are, they might regret it. This goes for the police as well. It's the world of head scarves, where women walk around in figureless tents, with baby strollers and a group of children. Their husbands, or slaveholders if you prefer, walk three steps ahead.

With mosques on many street corners. The shops have signs you and I cannot read. You will be hard-pressed to find any economic activity. These are Muslim ghettos controlled by religious fanatics. These are Muslim neighborhoods, and they are mushrooming in every city across Europe. These are the building-blocks for territorial control of increasingly larger portions of Europe, street by street, neighborhood by neighborhood, city by city.

There are now thousands of mosques throughout Europe. With larger congregations than there are in churches. And in every European city there are plans to build super-mosques that will dwarf every church in the region. Clearly, the signal is: we rule. Many European cities are already one-quarter Muslim: just take Amsterdam, Marseille and Malmo in Sweden. In many cities the majority of the under-18 population is Muslim.

Paris is now surrounded by a ring of Muslim neighborhoods.

Mohammed is the most popular name among boys in many cities. In some elementary schools in Amsterdam the farm can no longer be mentioned, because that would also mean mentioning the pig, and that would be an insult to Muslims. Many state schools in Belgium and Denmark only serve halal food to all pupils. In once-tolerant Amsterdam gays are beaten up almost exclusively by Muslims. Non-Muslim women routinely hear "whore, whore."

Satellite dishes are not pointed to local TV stations, but to stations in the country of origin. In France school teachers are advised to avoid authors deemed offensive to Muslims, including Voltaire and Diderot; the same is increasingly true of Darwin. The history of the Holocaust can no longer be taught because of Muslim sensitivity.

In England sharia courts are now officially part of the British legal system. Many neighborhoods in France are no-go areas for women without head scarves. Last week a man almost died after being beaten up by Muslims in Brussels, because he was drinking during the Ramadan. Jews are fleeing France in record numbers, on the run for the worst wave of anti-Semitism since World War II.

French is now commonly spoken on the streets of Tel Aviv and Netanya, Israel. I could go on forever with stories like this. Stories about Islamization. A total of fifty-four million Muslims now live in Europe. San Diego University recently calculated that a staggering 25 percent of the population in Europe will be Muslim just 12 years from now. Bernhard Lewis has predicted a Muslim majority by the end of this century.

Now these are just numbers. And the numbers would not be threatening if the Muslim-immigrants had a strong desire to assimilate. But there are few signs of that. The Pew Research Center reported that half of French Muslims see their loyalty to Islam as greater than their loyalty to France. One-third of French Muslims do not object to suicide attacks. The British Centre for Social Cohesion reported that one-third of British Muslim students are in favor of a worldwide caliphate.

Muslims demand what they call "respect." And this is how we give them respect. We have Muslim official state holidays. The Christian-Democratic attorney general is willing to accept sharia in the Netherlands if there is a Muslim majority. We have cabinet members with passports from Morocco and Turkey. Muslim demands are supported by unlawful behavior, ranging from petty crimes and random violence, for example against ambulance workers and bus drivers, to small-scale riots.

Paris has seen its uprising in the low-income suburbs, the banlieus. I call the perpetrators "settlers." Because that is what they are. They do not come to integrate into our societies; they come to integrate our society into their Dar-al-Islam. Therefore, they are settlers. Much of this street violence I mentioned is directed exclusively against non-Muslims, forcing many native people to leave their neighborhoods, their cities, their countries.

Moreover, Muslims are now a swing vote not to be ignored. The second thing you need to know is the importance of Mohammed the prophet. His behavior is an example to all Muslims and cannot be criticized. Now, if Mohammed had been a man of peace, let us say like Ghandi and Mother Theresa wrapped in one, there would be no problem.

But Mohammed was a warlord, a mass murderer, a pedophile, and had several marriages - at the same time. Islamic tradition tells us how he fought in battles, how he had his enemies murdered and even had prisoners of war executed. Mohammed himself slaughtered the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza. If it is good for Islam, it is good. If it is bad for Islam, it is bad. Let no one fool you about Islam being a religion. Sure, it has a god, and a here-after, and 72 virgins. But in its essence Islam is a political ideology. It is a system that lays down detailed rules for society and the life of every person.

Islam wants to dictate every aspect of life. Islam means "submission." Islam is not compatible with freedom and democracy, because what it strives for is sharia. If you want to compare Islam to anything, compare it to communism or national-socialism, these are all totalitarian ideologies. Now you know why Winston Churchill called Islam "the most retrograde force in the world," and why he compared Mein Kampf to the Quran.

The public has wholeheartedly accepted the Palestinian narrative, and sees Israel as the aggressor. I have lived in this country and visited it dozens of times. I support Israel. First, because it is the Jewish homeland after two thousand years of exile up to and including Auschwitz, second because it is a democracy, and third because Israel is our first line of defense.

This tiny country is situated on the fault line of jihad, frustrating Islam's territorial advance. Israel is facing the front lines of jihad, like Kashmir, Kosovo, the Philippines, Southern Thailand, Darfur in Sudan, Lebanon, and Aceh in Indonesia. Israel is simply in the way.

The same way West-Berlin was during the Cold War. The war against Israel is not a war against Israel. It is a war against the West. It is jihad. Israel is simply receiving the blows that are meant for all of us. If there would have been no Israel, Islamic imperialism would have found other venues to release its energy and its desire for conquest.

Thanks to Israeli parents who send their children to the army and lay awake at night, parents in Europe and America can sleep well and dream, unaware of the dangers looming. Many in Europe argue in favor of abandoning Israel in order to address the grievances of our Muslim minorities.

But if Israel were, God forbid, to go down, it would not bring any solace to the West It would not mean our Muslim minorities would all of a sudden change their behavior, and accept our values.

On the contrary, the end of Israel would give enormous encouragement to the forces of Islam. They would, and rightly so, see the demise of Israel as proof that the West is weak, and doomed. The end of Israel would not mean the end of our problems with Islam, but only the beginning. It would mean the start of the final battle for world domination.

If they can get Israel, they can get everything. So-called journalists volunteer to label any and all critics of Islamization as a "right-wing extremists" or "racists."

In my country, the Netherlands, 60 percent of the population now sees the mass immigration of Muslims as the number one policy mistake since World War II. And another 60 percent sees Islam as the biggest threat. Yet there is a danger greater danger than terrorist attacks, the scenario of America as the last man standing.

The lights may go out in Europe faster than you can imagine. An Islamic Europe means a Europe without freedom and democracy, an economic wasteland, an intellectual nightmare, and a loss of military might for America - as its allies will turn into enemies, enemies with atomic bombs.

With an Islamic Europe, it would be up to America alone to preserve the heritage of Rome, Athens and Jerusalem. Dear friends, liberty is the most precious of gifts. My generation never had to fight for this freedom, it was offered to us on a silver platter, by people who fought for it with their lives. All throughout Europe, American cemeteries remind us of the young boys who never made it home, and whose memory we cherish.

My generation does not own this freedom; we are merely its custodians.

We can only hand over this hard won liberty to Europe's children in the same state in which it was offered to us. We cannot strike a deal with mullahs and imams. Future generations would never forgive us. We cannot squander our liberties. We simply do not have the right to do so.> 1963GW001

United States District Court (1965) Western District of Michigan, in the case of Reed v. van Hoven, 237 F. Supp. 48, 51 (W.D. Mich. 1965), rendered the opinion:

<The child is not the mere creature of the state.> 1965US001

Connecticut Constitution (1965):

<PREAMBLE. The People of Connecticut acknowledging with gratitude, the good Providence of God, in having permitted them to enjoy a free government; do, in order more effectually to define, secure, and perpetuate the liberties, rights and privileges which they have derived from their ancestors; hereby, after a careful consideration and revision, ordain and establish the following constitution and form of civil government...

ARTICLE 1, SECTION 3. The exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination, shall forever be free to all persons in the state; provided, that the right hereby declared and established, shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or to justify practices inconsistent with the peace and safety of the state...

ARTICLE 1, SECTION 20. No person shall be denied the equal protection of the law nor be subjected to segregation or discrimination in the exercise or enjoyment of his civil or political rights because of religion, race, color, ancestry or national origin...

ARTICLE 6, SECTION 7. The general Assembly may provide by law for voting in the choice of any officer to be elected or upon any question to be voted on at an election by qualified voters of the state who are unable to appear at the polling place on the day of election because of absence from the city or town of which they are inhabitants or because of sickness, or physical disability or because the tenets of their religion forbid secular activity...

ARTICLE 6, SECTION 8. The general Assembly may provide by law for the admission as electors in absentia of members of the armed forces, the United States merchant marine, members of religious or welfare groups or agencies attached to and serving with the armed forces and civilian employees of the United States, and the spouses and dependents of such persons...

ARTICLE 7, OF RELIGION. It being the right of all men to worship the Supreme Being, the Great Creator and Preserver of the Universe, and to render that worship in a mode consistent with the dictates of their consciences, no person shall by law be compelled to join or support, nor be classed or associated with, any congregation, Church or religious association. No preference shall be given by law to any religious society or denomination in the state. Each shall have and enjoy the same and equal powers, rights and privileges, and may support and maintain the ministers or teachers of its society or denomination, and may build and repair houses for public worship.

ARTICLE 11, GENERAL PROVISIONS, SECTION 1. Members of the General Assembly and all officers, executive and judicial, shall, before they enter on the duties of their respective offices, take the following oath or affirmation, to wit: You do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case may be) that you will support the constitution of the United States, and the constitution of the state of Connecticut, so long as you continue a citizen thereof; and that you will faithfully discharge, according to law, the duties of the office of.......to the best of your abilities. So Help You God...

AMENDMENTS, ARTICLE 5. SECTION 20 of ARTICLE 1 of the

constitution is amended to read as follows: No person shall be denied the equal protection of the law nor be subjected to segregation or discrimination in the exercise or enjoyment of his or her civil or political rights because of religion, race, color, ancestry, national origin or sex...

AMENDMENTS, ARTICLE 21. ARTICLE 5 of the amendments to the constitution is amended to read as follows:

No person shall be denied the equal protection of the law nor be subjected to segregation or discrimination in the exercise or enjoyment of his or her civil or political rights because of religion, race, color, ancestry, national origin, sex or physical or mental disability.> 1965CT001

DeKalb County, Illinois, Community School District (prior to 1967) endorsed this poem to be recited in its kindergarten classes:

<We thank you for the flowers so sweet; We thank you for the food we eat; We thank you for the birds that sing; We thank you for everything.> 1967IL001

Pennsylvania Constitution (1968):

<We, the people of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, grateful to Almighty God for the blessings of civil and religious liberty, and humbly invoking His guidance, do ordain and establish this Constitution...

ARTICLE 1, SECTION 3. All men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences; no man can of right be compelled to attend, erect or support any place of worship or to maintain any Ministry against his consent; no human authority can, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the rights of conscience, and no preference shall ever be given by law to any religious establishments or modes of worship.

ARTICLE 1, SECTION 4. No person who acknowledges the being of a God and a future state of rewards and punishments shall, on account of his religious sentiments, be disqualified to hold any office or place of trust or profit under this Commonwealth.> 1968PA001 Pennsylvania Constitution (1968

New Hampshire Constitution (1968):

<ARTICLE 5. Every individual has a natural and unalienable right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience, and reason; and no subject shall be hurt, molested, or restrained, in his person, liberty, or estate, for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience; or for his religious profession, sentiments, or persuasion; provided he doth not disturb the public peace or disturb others in their religious worship.

ARTICLE 6. As morality and piety, rightly grounded on high principles, will give the best and greatest security to government, and will lay, in the hearts of men, the strongest obligations to due subjection; and as the knowledge of these is most likely to be propagated through a society, therefore, the several parishes, bodies, corporate, or religious societies shall at all times have the right of electing their own teachers, and of contracting with them for their support or maintenance, or both.

But no person shall ever be compelled to pay towards the support of the schools of any sect or denomination. And every person, denomination or sect shall be equally under the protection of the law; and no subordination of any one sect, denomination or persuasion to another shall ever be established. Amended 1968 to remove obsolete sectarian references.

ARTICLE 84. Any person chosen governor, councilor, senator, or representative, military or civil officer... shall...make and subscribe the following declaration, viz.

"I, A.B. do solemnly swear, that I will bear faith and true allegiance to the United States of America and the state of New Hampshire, and will support the constitution thereof. So Help Me God." June 2, l784, Amended l792 three times, changing president to governor; shortening oath of allegiance; and dispensing with need to take second oath. Amended l970 adding allegiance to the United States of America.> 1968NH001

United States Supreme Court (1969) in the case of Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District, 393 U.S. 503, 506, 512, 513 (1969), stated:

<It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate. [Student's rights exist] in the cafeteria, or on the playing field, or on campus during authorized hours....> 1969US001

<School officials do not possess absolute authority over their students.> 1969US002

Netcong, New Jersey, Board of Education (prior to 1970) endorsed the public school policy:

<On each school day before class instruction begins, a period of not more than five minutes shall be available to those teachers and students who may wish to participate voluntarily in the free exercise of religion as guaranteed by the United States Constitution...> 1970NJ001

Virginia Constitution (1971) Article 1, Section 16:

<That religion or the duty which we owe to our Creator, and the manner of discharging it, can be directed only by reason and conviction, not by force or violence; and, therefore, all men are equally entitled to the free exercise of religion, according to the dictates of conscience; and that it is the mutual duty of all to practice Christian forbearance, love, and charity towards each other.

No man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place or Ministry whatsoever, nor shall be enforced, restrained, molested, or burdened in his body or goods, nor shall otherwise suffer on account of his religious opinions or belief; but all men shall be free to profess and by argument to maintain their opinions in matters of religion, and the same shall in nowise diminish, enlarge, or affect their civil capacities.

And the General Assembly shall not prescribe any religious test whatever, or confer any peculiar privileges or advantages on any sect or denomination, or pass any law requiring or authorizing any religious society, or the people of any district within this Commonwealth, to levy on themselves or others, any tax for the erection or repair of any house of Public worship, or for the support of any Church or Ministry; but it shall be left free to every person to select his religious instructor, and to make for his support such private contract as he shall please.

Article 2, Section 7. All officers elected or appointed under or pursuant to this Constitution shall, before they enter on the performance of their public duties, severally take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Virginia, and that I will faithfully and impartially discharge all the duties incumbent upon me as....according to the best of my ability (So Help Me God)."> 1971VA001

North Carolina Constitution (1971):

<PREAMBLE. We, the people of the State of North Carolina, grateful to Almighty God, the Sovereign Ruler of Nations, for the preservation of the American Union and the existence of our civil, political and religious liberties, and acknowledging our dependence upon Him for the continuance of those blessings to us and our posterity, do, for the more certain security thereof and for the better government of this State, ordain and establish this Constitution...

ARTICLE 1, SECTION 1. We hold it to be self-evident that all persons are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, the enjoyment of the fruits of their own labor, and the pursuit of happiness...

ARTICLE 1, SECTION 13. All persons have a natural and inalienable right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences, and no human authority shall, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the rights of conscience...

ARTICLE 1, SECTION 17. Slavery is forever prohibited. Involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the parties have been adjudged guilty, is forever prohibited...

ARTICLE 6, SECTION 7. Before entering upon the duties of an office, a person elected or appointed to the office shall take and subscribe the following oath: "I.....do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and maintain the

Constitution and laws of the United States, and the Constitution and laws of North Carolina not inconsistent therewith, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of my office as....., So Help Me God."

ARTICLE 6, SECTION 8. The following persons shall be disqualified for office: First, any person who shall deny the being of Almighty God...

ARTICLE 9, SECTION 1. Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools, libraries, and the means of education shall forever be encouraged...

ARTICLE 11, SECTION 4. Beneficent provision for the poor, the unfortunate, and the orphan is one of the first duties of a civilized and a Christian state. Therefore the General Assembly shall provide for and define the duties of a board of public welfare.> 1971NC001

Mississippi Penal Code (1972) as Amended SEC. 97-29-47. Profanity or drunkenness in public place:

<If any person shall profanely swear or curse, or use vulgar and indecent language, or be drunk in any public place, in the presence of two (2) or more persons, he shall, on conviction thereof, be fined not more than one hundred dollars ($100.00) or be imprisoned in the county jail not more than thirty (30) days or both.> 1972MS001

Delta Airlines (1972) published a "Christmas Message" in its December issue of Delta Digest, a monthly publication by the Public Relations Department of Delta Air Lines:

<To All Members of the Delta Family

As we celebrate the birth of Christ during this Christmas Season, we are also honoring the way of life that He taught the world. His doctrines with their unquestioned truths and integrity provide the basic rules governing man's ideal behavior. It is when these principles are forgotten or ignored that we must substitute complicated laws to govern our relationships with one another and appear in court to settle our disputes and even fight wars to halt encroachments and unreasonable demands of one upon another.

When we stop to take note of the volumes of man's law lining the walls of an attorney's library, witness the backlog of cases in our courts and review the wars fought throughout history, we can then clearly realize how often man has forgotten and neglected Christ's message.

During this Christmas Season, may each of us reflect on our heritage.

We are truly blessed at Delta with the privilege of working with a group of people who have established their relationship with one another on Christian principles. We treat our fellow employee with respect and consideration. Our confidence and trust in each other is built on the principles of fair play and the Golden Rule.

It is hope that all nations and all people will someday learn to abide by the simple rules of human behavior expounded by Christ. Then the world will experience the happiness, security and peace of mind which only come from His way of life.

On the joyous occasion of Christmastide, we wish you and your family a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.

D.C. Garrett, Jr. President

W.T. Beebe

Chairman of the Board

Chief Executive Officer> 1972DA001

United States Supreme Court (1973)

in the case of Anderson v. Salt Lake City Corp, 475 F. 2d 29, 33, 34 (10th Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 879, stated:

<But this creed does not include any element of coercion concerning these beliefs unless one considers it coercive to look upon the Ten Commandments. Although they are in plain view, no one is required to read or recite them.

It does not seem reasonable to require removal of a passive monument, involving no compulsion, because its accepted precepts, as a foundation for law, reflect the religious nature of an ancient era.> 1973US001

Tennessee Supreme Court (1975) in the case of Swann v. Pack, 527 S.W. 2d 99, 101 (Sup. Ct. Tn. 1975), asserted:

<The scales are always weighted in favor of free exercise of religion, and the State's interest must be compelling, it must be substantial, and the danger must be clear and present and so grave as to endanger paramount public interests before the state can interfere with the free exercise of religion.> 1975TN001

Federal Rules of Evidence (December 12, 1975) amended, in Article VIII on Hearsay, declare that records contained in a Family Bible, (ie. birthdays, marriages, children, etc.), are considered so trustworthy and reliable as to be a formal exception to the Evidence Rule against Hearsay, and are thereby admissible as evidence:

<Rule 803 Hearsay Exceptions; Availability of Declarant Immaterial (13).1 Family Records. Statements of fact concerning personal or family history contained in family Bibles...> 1975US001

United States Congress (1977) ratified Public Law 77-379, in which the President officially proclaims the fourth Thursday of every November:

<A National Day of Thanksgiving.> 1977US001

United States Supreme Court (1978) in the case of McDaniel v. Paty, 435 U.S. 618 at 641 (1978), gave its opinion:

<The Establishment Clause does not license government to treat religion, and those who teach or practice it, simply by virtue of their status as such, as subversive of American ideals and therefore subject to unique disabilities....

In short, government may not as a goal promote "safe-thinking" with respect to religion and fence out from political participation those, such as ministers, whom it regards as over-involved in religion.

Religionists no less than members of any other group enjoy the full measure of protection afforded speech, association, and political activity generally. The Establishment Clause, properly understood, is a shield against any attempt by government to inhibit religion....It may not be used as a sword to

justify repression of religion or its adherents from any aspect of public life.> 1978US001

United States District Court (1979) Eastern District of Tennessee, in the case of Wiley v. Franklin, 468 F.Supp. 133, 149-150 (E.D. Tenn. 1979), stated:

<The Bible is replete with writings relevant to such secular subjects and interests as history, both ancient and modern, literature, poetry, music, art, government, social customs and practices, values, behavioral sciences, and, more generally speaking that broad range of subjects, values, interests, and activities encompassed within the generalized phrase "Western Civilization." To ignore the role of the Bible in the vast area of secular subjects such as herein above referred to is to ignore a keystone in the building of an arch, at least in so far as Western history, values and culture are concerned.

Bible study courses can be so designed and taught as not to constitute the teaching of religion and as not to violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment when taught in the public schools.

The Constitutional issue presented in teaching the Bible study courses in the public schools is not the Bible itself, but rather the selectivity, emphasis, objectivity, and interpretative manner, or lack thereof, with which the Bible is taught.

None of the foregoing instructions shall limit or restrain the defendant school boards from entering into any arrangement they may elect with any individual or organization, including the Public School Bible Study Committee, for the funding of the...Bible study courses.> 1979US001

California Supreme Court (1980) in the case of Devin Walker v. First Orthodox Presbyterian Church, 760-028.9, gave its opinion:

<Freedom of religion is so fundamental to American history that it must be preserved even at the expense of other rights which have become institutionalized by the Democratic process.> 1980CA001

United States Supreme Court (1980) in the case of Stone v. Graham, 449 U.S. 39, 42, 46 (1980), stated:

<Religion has been closely identified with our history and government, Abington School District, 1963, and that the history of man is inseparable from the history of religion. Engle v. Vitale, 1962.> 1980US001

<The Bible may constitutionally be used in an appropriate study of history, civilization, ethics, comparative religion, or the like.> 1980US002

United States Court of Appeals-8th Circuit (1980) in the case of Florey v. Sioux Falls School District, 619 F. 2d 1311, 1314, 1315-1316, 1317 (8th Cir. 1980), stated that the performance and study of religious songs, inclusive of Christmas carols, is constitutional, provided the purpose is the:

<Advancement of the students' knowledge of society's cultural and religious heritage, as well as the provision of an opportunity for students to perform a full range of music, poetry, and drama that is likely to be of interest to the students and their audience.

Advanc[ing] the student's knowledge and appreciation of the role that our religious heritage has played in the social, cultural and historical development of civilization.

It would be literally impossible to develop a public school curriculum that did not in some way affect the religious or nonreligious sensibilities of some of the students or their parents.

The study of religion is not forbidden "when presented objectively as a part of a secular program of education"....We view the term "study" to include more than mere classroom instruction; public performance may be a legitimate part of secular study....As the district noted in its discussion of Rule 3, "To allow

students only to study and not perform [religious art, music and literature when] such works...have developed an independent secular and artistic significance would give students a truncated view of our culture."> 1980US003

United States Supreme Court (1981) in the case of Widmar v. Vincent, 454 U.S. 263, 269 (1981), stated:

<Religious worship and discussion...are forms of speech and association protected by the First Amendment.> 1981US001

Missouri (January 1, 1981) in the Missouri Probate Code, 1 Terr.L., p. 411, 45, lists what inherited property is exempt from creditors. This list of items which are considered essential for living, revised numerous times through January 1, 1981, still contains that "family Bible" as in the original version:

<EXEMPT PROPERTY, FAMILY ALLOWANCE AND HOMESTEAD ALLOWANCE V.A.M.S. 474.250 Text of Code 474.250. Exempt Property of Surviving Spouse or Minor Children.

The surviving spouse, or unmarried minor children of a decedent are entitled absolutely to the following property of the estate without regard to its value: The family Bible and other books, one automobile or other passenger motor vehicle with its means of propulsion, all wearing apparel of the family, all household electrical appliances,...all household and kitchen furniture, appliances, utensils and implements. Such property shall belong to the surviving spouse, if any, otherwise to the unmarried minor children is equal shares.> 1981MO001

New Hampshire (August 18, 1981) State Laws, Oath, Title 51, Courts, Chapter 500-A:18:

<I. The oath to be administered to jurors in civil cases shall be as follows...:

You swear that, in all cases between party and party that shall be committed to you, you will give a true verdict, according to law and evidence given you. So Help You God.

II. If any person selected as a juror is of a denomination called Quakers or is scrupulous of swearing, and declines to take the oath, the person shall take and subscribe the oath, omitting the words "swear" and "So Help Me God", substituting in place thereof, "affirm...under the pains and penalties of perjury".

SECTION 516:19...No other ceremony shall be necessary in swearing than holding up the right hand, but any other form or ceremony may be used which the person to whom the oath is administered professes to believe more binding upon the conscience. Source. RS 188:10. CS 200:10. 1860, 2364. GS

209:10. GL 228:10. PS 224:10. PL 336:21. RL 392:19.

SECTION 516:20...Persons scrupulous of swearing may affirm; the word "affirm" being used in administering the oath, instead of the word "swear," and the words "this you do under the pains and penalties of perjury," instead of the words "So Help You God." Source. RS 188:11. CS 200:11. GS 209:11. GL 228:11. PS 224:11. PL 336:22. RL 392:20.

SECTION 516:21...No person who believes in the existence of a Supreme Being shall be excluded from testifying on account of his opinions on matters of religion. Source. RS 188:9. CS 200:9. GS 209:12. GL 228:12. PS

224:12. PL 336:23. RL 392:21.

TITLE LIX, PROCEEDINGS IN CRIMINAL CASES, GRAND

JURIES, SECTION 600:3...Grand jurors before entering upon their duties shall take the following oath: You, as grand jurors, do solemnly swear that you will diligently inquire, and a true presentment make, of all such matters and things as shall be given you in charge...So Help You God.

TITLE LX, CORRECTION & PUNISHMENT, CHAPTER 622,

STATE PRISONS, SECTION 622:23...Inmates shall have freedom of religious belief and freedom to worship God according to the dictates of their consciences, but this shall not permit anything inconsistent with proper discipline. Source. 1881, 39:1. PS 285:25. PL 400:26. RL 464:24.

TITLE XII, PUBLIC SAFETY AND WELFARE, CHAPTER 169-B, DELINQUENT CHILDREN, SECTION 169-B:33...The court...in placing

minors, shall, as far as practicable, place them in the care and custody of some individual holding the same religious beliefs as the minor or the parents of said minor...No minor under the supervision of any state institution shall be denied the free exercise of the minor's own religion or the religion of the parents, whether living or dead, nor the liberty of worshipping God according thereto. Source. 1979, 361:2. 1995, 302:21, eff. Jan. 1, 1996.> 1981NH001 New Hampshire (August 18, 1981), State Laws, Oath, Title 51, Courts, Chapter 500-A:18.

United States Supreme Court (1982) in the case of Chambers v. Marsh, 675 F. 2d 228, 233 (8th Cir. 1982); review allowed, 463 U.S. 783 (1982), Chief Justice Warren E. Burger delivered the Court's opinion:

<The legislature by majority vote invites a clergyman to give a prayer, neither the inviting nor the giving nor the hearing of the prayer is making a law. On this basis alone...the sayings of prayers, per se, in the legislative halls at the opening session in not prohibited by the First and Fourteenth Amendments.

The case of Bogen v. Doty...involved a county board's practice of opening each of its public meetings with a prayer offered by a local member of the clergy....This Court upheld that practice, finding that it advanced a clearly secular purpose of establishing a solemn atmosphere and serious tone for the board meetings....Establishing solemnity is the primary effect of all invocations at gatherings of persons with differing views on religion.

The men who wrote the First Amendment religion clause did not view paid legislative chaplains and opening prayers as a violation of that amendment....the practice of opening sessions with prayer has continued without interruption ever since that early session of Congress.

It can hardly be thought that in the same week the members of the first Congress voted to appoint and pay a chaplain for each House and also voted to approve the draft of the First Amendment...(that) they intended to forbid what they had just declared acceptable.

[Prayer and Chaplains] are deeply embedded in the history and tradition of this country.> 1982US001

United States Congress (October 4, 1982) by a Joint Resolution of both the Senate and House of Representatives in the 2nd session of the 97th Congress, declared 1983 the "Year of the Bible":

<Public Law 97-280.

WHEREAS the Bible, the Word of God, has made a unique contribution in shaping the United States as a distinctive and blessed nation and people;

WHEREAS deeply held religious convictions springing from the Holy Scriptures led to the early settlement of our Nation;

WHEREAS Biblical teachings inspired concepts of civil government that are contained in our Declaration of Independence and Constitution of the United States;

WHEREAS many of our great national leaders-among them Presidents Washington, Jackson, Lincoln, and Wilson-paid tribute to the surpassing influence of the Bible in our country's development, as in the words of President Jackson that the Bible is "the Rock on which our Republic rests";

WHEREAS the history of our Nation clearly illustrates the value of voluntarily applying the teachings of the Scriptures in the lives of individuals, families, and societies;

WHEREAS this Nation now faces great challenges that will test this Nation as it has never been tested before; and

WHEREAS that renewing our knowledge of and faith in God through Holy Scripture can strengthen us as a nation and a people: NOW, THEREFORE, be it Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the President is authorized and requested to designate 1983 as a national "Year of the Bible" in recognition of both the formative influence the Bible has been for our Nation, and our national need to study and apply the teachings of the Holy Scriptures.

Thomas P. O'Neill, Speaker of the House

Strom Thurmond, President of the Senate-Pro Tempore Approved, October 4, 1982, Ronald Reagan.> 1982US002

United States Supreme Court (1983) in the case of United States v. Grace, 461 U.S. 171, 177 (1983), stated:

<Streets, sidewalks, and parks, are considered, without more, to be public forums.> 1983US001

United States District Court, S.A. (1983) Southern District of Alabama, in the case of Jaffree v. Board of School Commissioners of Mobile County, 544 F.Supp. 1104 (S.D. Ala. 1983), Judge Brevard Hand quoted from the nineteenth-century U.S. Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story, who succinctly clarified the original meaning of the First Amendment:

<The real object of the First Amendment was not to countenance, much less to advance Mohammedanism, or Judaism, or infidelity, by prostrating Christianity, but to exclude all rivalry among Christian sects and to prevent any national ecclesiastical patronage of the national government.> 1983US002

United States District Court, W.VA. (1983) Western District of Virginia, in the case of Crockett v. Sorenson, 568 F.Supp. 1422, 1425-1430 (W.D. Va. 1983), stated:

<The First Amendment was never intended to insulate our public institutions from any mention of God, the Bible or religion. When such insulation occurs, another religion, such as secular humanism, is effectively established.

Clearly, the Establishment Clause can be violated in this regard without a showing of outright hostility to traditional theistic religions. Though in the context of the British university, the following quote is instructive for the situation in our public schools:

On the fundamental religious issue, the modern university intends to be, and supposes that it is, neutral, but it is not. Certainly it neither implicates nor expressly repudiates belief in God. But it does what is far more deadly than open rejection; it ignores Him....

It is in this sense that the university today is atheistic....

It is a fallacy to suppose by omitting a subject you teach nothing about it. On the contrary, you teach that it is to be omitted, and that it is therefore a matter of secondary importance.

And you teach this not openly and explicitly, which could invite criticism, you simply take it for granted and thereby insinuate it silently, insidiously, and albeit irresistibly.

Moberly, The Crisis in the University, 55-56 (1949) (quoted in Whitehead and Conlin, The Establishment of Religion of Secular Humanism and Its First Amendment Implications, 10 Tex. Tech. L. Rev. 1, 19 n. 104 (1978)).

In art, one cannot truly appreciate such great works as da Vinci's Last Supper, Michelangelo's work in the Sistine Chapel, or Albrecht Durer's woodcuts without some basic understanding of what the Bible contains.

Without some introduction to the book of Isaiah, Handel's Messiah loses much of its force and importance. Literature is replete with biblical allusion. Some of the better known works which rely heavily on allusions from the Bible include Milton's Paradise Lost; the plays of Shakespeare, especially Measure for Measure; Blake's Marriage of Heaven and Hell; Melville's Moby Dick; Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom; T.S. Eliot's The Wasteland; and C.S. Lewis' The Screwtape Letters.

Our language and popular culture are also replete with biblical allusions. The symbol for the American Medical Association, a staff with a serpent on it, is drawn from an episode in the book of Numbers, when Moses, at God's suggestion, raised a bronze serpent on a staff and all the children of Israel who looked upon it were healed of snakebites.

The phrase "handwriting on the wall" comes from a passage in the book of Daniel in which handwriting on the wall foretold rough time ahead for Babylonian King Belshazzar. The popular phrase "the apple of my eye" is used in the Old Testament as one of God's descriptions for His people Israel. And, of course, the term "Armageddon" is the site where the battle will take place which will mark the end of the age, as described in the Book of Revelations.

Anglo-American law as we know it today is also heavily indebted to the principles and concepts found in the Bible. William Blackstone, one of the most influential figures in the development of the common law, explained:

"The doctrine thus delivered we call the revealed or divine law and they are to be found only in the Holy Scriptures....Upon these two foundations, the law of nature and the law of revelation, depend all human laws, that is to say, no human law should be suffered to contradict these." Blackstone posited that the law of nature as well as the law of revelation, was derived from God.

Further, biblical influences pervade many specific areas of the law. The "good Samaritan" laws use a phrase lifted directly out of one of Jesus' parables. The concept of the "fertile octogenarian," applicable to the law of wills and trusts, is in a large part derived from the book of Genesis where we are told that Sarah, the wife of the patriarch Abraham, gave birth to Isaac when she was "past age."

In addition, the Ten Commandments have had immeasurable effect on Anglo-American legal development.

Moreover, we as Americans, should especially be aware of the influence that the Bible and its principles have had on the founding and development of our nation. In this regard it is significant that Former President Ronald Reagan, on February 3, 1983, issued a proclamation declaring 1983 the "year of the Bible" in recognition of the Bible's fundamental and enduring influence on our country.

Secular education imposes immediate demands that the student have a good knowledge of the Bible. Two defense exhibits vividly illustrate this point. Defendants Exhibit 14 is a summary of references to the Bible in a 1980 edition of the Scholastic Aptitude Manual, used by high school students to prepare for the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT)....Defendants' Exhibit 15, a summary of

Bible references found in textbooks used in the Bristol public schools, is based on selected books from elementary, junior high and high school classes....

In light of the above, it becomes obvious that a basic background in the Bible is essential to fully appreciate and understand both Western culture and current events.> 1983US003

United States Supreme Court (1984) Associate Justice William Hubbs Rehnquist, in his dissenting opinion in the case of Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38, 92, 99, 107 (1984), stated:

<It is impossible to build sound constitutional doctrine upon a mistaken understanding of Constitutional history....The establishment clause had been expressly freighted with Jefferson's misleading metaphor for nearly forty years....

There is simply no historical foundation for the proposition that the framers intended to build a wall of separation [between church and state]....The recent court decisions are in no way based on either the language or intent of the framers....

But the greatest injury of the "wall" notion is its mischievous diversion of judges from the actual intentions of the drafters of the Bill of Rights....The

"wall of separation between church and State" is a metaphor based on bad history, a metaphor which has proved useless as a guide to judging. It should be frankly and explicitly abandoned.> 1984US001

United States Congress (August 11, 1984) by a Senate vote of 88-11 and a House vote of 337-77, voted the Equal Access Act into law. The Supreme Court upheld it by a vote of 8-1 in the Westside Community Schools v. Mergens case in 1990. Section 4071 (20 U.S.C. 4071-74) explains that denial of equal access is prohibited:

<Sec. 4071. (a) It shall be unlawful for any public secondary school which receives Federal financial assistance and which has a limited open forum to deny equal access or a fair opportunity to, or discriminate against, any students who wish to conduct a meeting within that limited open forum on the basis of the religious, political, philosophical, or other content of the speech at such meeting.> 1984US002

United States Supreme Court (1985) in the case of Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668, 669-670, 673 (1985), Chief Justice Warren Burger rendered the Court's opinion upholding that the city of Pawtucket, R.I. did not violate the Constitution by displaying a Nativity scene. The decision noted that presidential orders and proclamations from Congress have designated Christmas as a national holiday in religious terms since 1789:

<The city of Pawtucket, R.I., annually erects a Christmas display in a park....The creche display is sponsored by the city to celebrate the Holiday recognized by Congress and national tradition and to depict the origins of that Holiday; these are legitimate secular purposes....The creche...is no more an advancement or endorsement of religion than the congressional and executive recognition of the origins of Christmas....

It would be ironic if...the creche in the display, as part of a celebration of an event acknowledged in the Western World for 20 centuries, and in this country by the people, the Executive Branch, Congress, and the courts for 2 centuries, would so `taint' the exhibition as to render it violative of the Establishment Clause.

To forbid the use of this one passive symbol...would be an overreaction contrary to this Nation's history.

There is an unbroken history of official acknowledgement by all three branches of government of the role of religion in American life....

The Constitution does not require a complete separation of church and state. It affirmatively mandates accommodation, not merely tolerance, of all religions and forbids hostility towards any.

Anything less would require the "callous indifference" we have said was never intended by the Establishment Clause. Indeed, we have observed, such hostility would bring us into a "war with our national tradition as embodied in the First Amendment's guaranty of the free exercise of religion."> 1985US001

Gallup Poll (1986) reported:

<81% of the American people identify themselves as Christian.> 1986GP001

United States Supreme Court (1986) in the case of Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186, 92 L Ed 2d 140, 106 S. Ct. 2841, p. 149, Chief Justice Warren E. Burger delivered the Court's decision censuring the act of sodomy:

<Condemnation of those practices is firmly rooted in Judeo-Christian moral and ethical standards.> 1986US001

<Sodomy was a criminal offense at common law and was forbidden by the laws of the original 13 States when they ratified the Bill of Rights. In 1868, when the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified, all but five of the 37 States in the Union had criminal sodomy laws. In fact, until 1961, all 50 states outlawed sodomy...provid[ing] criminal penalties for sodomy performed in private and between consenting adults.> 1986US002

United States Supreme Court (1987) in the case of Edwards v. Aquillard, 482 U.S., 96 L.Ed.2d 510, 535 (1987), Justice Powell and O'Connor concurring, stated:

<The book [Bible] is, in fact, "the world's all-time best seller" with undoubted literary and historic value apart from its religious content. f.n.-See N.Y. Times, May 10, 1981, Sec. 2, p. 24, col.3; N. McWhirter, 1986 Guiness Book of World Records (the Bible is the world's most widely distributed book).> 1987US001

United States Congress (January 25, 1988) by a Joint Resolution of the 100th Congress, declared the first Thursday of each May to be recognized as a National Day of Prayer.

<PUBLIC LAW 100-307-MAY 5, 1988

One Hundredth Congress of the United States of America AT THE SECOND SESSION

Begun and held at the City of Washington on Monday, the twenty-fifth day of January, one thousand nine hundred and eighty-eight

AN ACT

To provide for setting aside the first Thursday in May as the date on which the National Day of Prayer is celebrated.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the joint resolution entitled "Joint Resolution to provide for setting aside an appropriate day as a National Day of Prayer," approved April 17, 1952 (Public Law 82-324; 66 Stat. 64), is amended by striking "a suitable day each year, other than a Sunday", and inserting in lieu thereof "the first Thursday in May in each year."

Speaker of the House of Representatives President of the Senate Pro Tempore APPROVED May 5, 1988

Ronald Reagan.> 1988US001

Rhode Island Constitution (1988):

<PREAMBLE. We, the people of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, grateful to Almighty God for the civil and religious liberty which He hath so long permitted us to enjoy, and looking to Him for a blessing upon our endeavors to secure and to transmit the same, unimpaired, to succeeding generations, do ordain and establish this Constitution of government...

ARTICLE 1, SECTION 3. Whereas Almighty God hath created the mind free; and all attempts to influence it by temporal punishments or burdens, or by civil incapacitations, tend to beget habits of hypocrisy and meanness; and whereas a principal object of our venerable ancestors, in their migration to this country and their settlement of this state, was, as they expressed it, to hold forth a lively experiment that a flourishing civil state may stand and be best maintained with full liberty in religious concernments;

We, therefore, declare that no person shall be compelled to frequent or to support any religious worship, place, or Ministry whatever, except in fulfillment of such person's voluntary contract; nor enforced, restrained, molested, or burdened in body or goods; nor disqualified from holding any office; nor otherwise suffer on account of such person's religious belief; and that every person shall be free to worship God according to the dictates of such person's conscience, and to profess and by argument to maintain such person's opinion in matters of religion; and that the same shall in no wise diminish, enlarge, or affect the civil capacity of any person...

ARTICLE 3, SECTION 3. All general officers shall take the following engagement before they act in their respective offices, to wit: You being by the free vote of the electors of this state of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, elected unto the place of do solemnly swear (or, affirm) to be true and faithful unto this state, and to support the Constitution of this state and of the United States; that you will faithfully and impartially discharge all the duties of your aforesaid office to the best of your abilities, according to law: So Help You God.> 1988RI001

United States Congress (February 22, 1990) in Senate Joint Resolution 164, authorized and requested President George Bush to issue a Presidential Proclamation declaring 1990 the International Year of Bible Reading. In his Proclamation, President Bush stated:

<Among the great books produced throughout the history of mankind, the Bible has been prized above all others by generations of men and women around the world-by people of every age, every race, and every walk of life.

The Bible has had a critical impact upon the development of Western civilization. Western literature, art, and music are filled with images and ideas that can be traced to its pages. More important, our moral tradition has been shaped by the laws and teachings it contains. It was a biblical view of man-one affirming the dignity and worth of the human person, made in the Image of our Creator-that inspired the principles upon which the United States in founded. President Jackson called the Bible "the Rock on which our Republic rests" because he knew that it shaped the Founding Fathers' concept of individual liberty and their vision of a free and just society.

The Bible has not only influenced the development of our Nation's values and institutions but also enriched the daily lives of millions of men and women who have looked to it for comfort, hope, and guidance.

On the American frontier, the Bible was often the only book a family owned. For those pioneers living far from any church or school, it served both as a source of religious instruction and as the primary text from which children learned to read. The historic speeches of Abraham Lincoln and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., provide compelling evidence of the role Scripture played in shaping the struggle against slavery and discrimination. Today the Bible continues to give courage and direction to those who seek truth and righteousness. In recognizing its enduring value, we recall the words of the prophet Isaiah, who declared, "The grass withereth, the flower fadeth; but the word of our God shall stand forever."

Containing revelations of God's intervention in human history, the Bible offers moving testimony to His love for mankind. Treasuring the Bible as a source of knowledge and inspiration. President Abraham Lincoln call this Great Book "the best gift God has given to man." President Lincoln believed that the Bible not only reveals the infinite goodness of our Creator, but also reminds us of our worth as individuals and our responsibilities toward one another.

President Woodrow Wilson likewise recognized the importance of the Bible to its readers. "The Bible is the word of life," he once said. Describing its contents, he added:

"You will find it full of real men and women not only but also of the things you have wondered about and been troubled about all your life, as men have been always; and the more you will read it the more it will become plain to you what things are worthwhile and what are not, what things make men happy-loyalty, right dealing, speaking the truth...and the things that are guaranteed to make men unhappy-selfishness, cowardice, greed, and everything that is low and mean.

When you have read the Bible you will know that it is the Word of God, because you will have found it the key to your own heart, your own happiness, and your own duty."

President Wilson believed that the Bible helps its readers find answers to the mysteries and sorrows that often trouble the souls of men.

Cherished for centuries by men and women around the world, the Bible's value is timeless. Its significance transcends the boundaries between nations and languages because it carries a universal message to every human heart. This year numerous individuals and associations around the world will join in a campaign to encourage voluntary study of the Bible. Their efforts are worthy of recognition and support.

In acknowledgement of the inestimable value and timeless appeal of the Bible, the Congress, by Senate Joint Resolution 164, has designated the year 1990 as the "International Year of Bible Reading" and has authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation in observance of this year.

NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE BUSH, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim the year 1990 as the International Year of Bible Reading. I invite all Americans to discover the great inspiration and knowledge that can be obtained through thoughtful reading of the Bible.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-second day of February, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and ninety, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and fourteenth.

George Bush.> 1990US001

United States Supreme Court (June 4, 1990) in the case of Westside Community Schools v. Mergens, 496, U.S. 226, 250, (1990), No. 88-1597 Part III was delivered by Justice O'Connor and No. 88-1597-CONCUR Part II was delivered by Justice Kennedy and Justice Scalia. By this 8 to 1 decision, the Supreme Court ruled to allow the formation of Christian clubs on the campuses of public schools, provided they were student initiated. Students were to be granted identical rights which other non-curricular groups were enjoying:

<There is a crucial difference between government speech endorsing religion, which the Establishment Clause forbids, and private speech endorsing religion, which the Free speech and Free Exercise Clauses protect.

If a State refused to let religious groups use facilities open to others, then it would demonstrate not neutrality but hostility toward religion. The Establishment Clause does not license government to treat religion and those who teach or practice it, simply by virtue of their status as such, as subversive of American ideals and therefore subject to unique disabilities.

Indeed, as the Court noted in Widmar, a denial of equal access to religious speech might well create greater entanglement problems in the form of invasive monitoring to prevent religious speech at meetings at which such speech might occur. See Widmar, 454 U.S., at 272, n.11.

I should think it inevitable that a public high school "endorses" a religious club, in a common-sense use of the term, if the club happens to be one of many activities that the school permits students to choose in order to further the development of their intellect and character in an extracurricular setting.

But no constitutional violation occurs if the school's action is based upon a recognition of the fact that membership in a religious club is one of many permissible ways for a student to further his or her own personal enrichment.> 1990US002

New Jersey (1990) a census reported:

<Roman Catholics formed the largest single religious group, constituting 45.9 percent of the population. Other leading religious groups in the state included Baptists 10.2 percent, Methodists 6.7 percent, and Jews 4.3 percent.> 1990NJ001

United States Supreme Court (1992) in the case of Lee v. Weisman, 112 S. Ct. 2649 (1992), by only a one-vote majority, Justice Kennedy wrote the decision that a commencement prayer is not to be given by clergy. In a strong dissenting opinion, Lee v. Weisman; 120 L. Ed. 2d 467, 509 (1992), Scalia, J. (dissenting), Justice Antonin Scalia, joined by Chief Justice William Rehnquist, Justice Byron White and Justice Clarence Thomas, stated that invocations and benedictions may continue to be offered, provided a notice is included in the commencement program that participation is voluntary:

<That obvious fact recited the graduates and their parents may proceed to thank God, as American have always done, for the blessings He has generously bestowed on them and their country.

From our Nation's origin, prayer has been a prominent part of governmental ceremonies and proclamations.

The Declaration of Independence, the document marking our birth as a separate people, "appeal[ed] to the Supreme Judge of the World for the rectitude of our intentions" avowed "a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence."

In his first Inaugural Address, after swearing his oath of office on a Bible, George Washington deliberately made a prayer a part of his first official act as President....

Such supplications have been a characteristic feature of Inaugural Addresses ever since. Thomas Jefferson, for example, prayed in his first Inaugural Address....

In his second Inaugural Address, Jefferson acknowledged his need for divine guidance and invited his audience to join his prayer....Similarly, James

Madison, in his first Inaugural Address, placed his confidence "in the guardianship and guidance of that Almighty Being...[with] fervent supplications and best hopes for the future."...

The other two branches of the Federal Government also have a long-established practice of prayer at public events....

There is simply no support for the proposition that the officially sponsored nondenominational invocation and benediction read by Rabbi Gutterman-with no one legally coerced to recite them-violated the Constitution of the United States.

To the contrary, they are so characteristically American they could have come from the pen of George Washington or Abraham Lincoln himself.

As its instrument of destruction, the bulldozer of its social engineering, the Court invents a boundless, and boundlessly manipulable, test of psychological coercion....

The opinion manifests that the Court itself has not given careful consideration to its test of psychological coercion. For if it had, how could it observe, with no hint of concern of disapproval, that students stood for the pledge of Allegiance, which immediately preceded Rabbi Gutterman's invocation?....

[S]ince the Pledge of Allegiance...included the phrase "under God," recital of the Pledge would appear to raise the same Establishment Clause issue as the invocation and benediction.

If students were psychologically coerced to remain standing during the invocation, they must also have been psychologically coerced, moments before, to stand for (and thereby, in the Court's view, take part in or appear to take part in) the Pledge.

Must the Pledge therefore be barred from the public schools (both from graduation ceremonies and from the classroom)? Logically, that ought to be the next project for the Court's bulldozer.

[N]othing, absolutely nothing, is so inclined to foster among religious believers of various faiths a toleration-no, an affection-for one another than voluntarily joining in prayer together, to God whom they all worship and seek....

The Baptist or Catholic who heard and joined in the simple and inspiring prayers of Rabbi Gutterman on this official and patriotic occasion was inoculated from religious bigotry and prejudice in a manner that cannot be replicated.

To deprive our society of that important unifying mechanism...is as senseless in policy as it is unsupported in law.

The reader has been told much in this case about the personal interest of Mr. Weisman and his daughter, and very little about the personal interests of the other side. They are not inconsequential.

Church and state would not be such a difficult subject if religion were, as the Court apparently thinks it to be, some purely personal avocation that can be indulged entirely in secret, like pornography, in the privacy of one's room.

For most believers it in not that, and has never been. Religious men and women of almost all denominations have felt it necessary to acknowledge and beseech the blessing of God as a people, and not just as individuals, because they believe in the "protection of divine Providence," as the Declaration of Independence put it, not just for individuals but for societies; because they believe God to be, as Washington's first Thanksgiving Proclamation put it, the "Great Lord and Ruler of Nations."

One can believe in the effectiveness of such public worship, or one can deprecate and deride it. But the longstanding American tradition of prayer at official ceremonies displays with unmistakable clarity that the Establishment Clause does not forbid the government to accommodate it.

The narrow context of the present case involves a community's celebration of one of the milestones in its young citizen's lives, and it is a bold step for this Court to seek to banish from that occasion, and from thousands of similar celebrations throughout this land, the expression of gratitude to God that a majority of the community wishes to make.

The Court lays waste a longstanding American tradition of nonsectarian prayer to God at public celebrations.

Our Nation's protection, that fortress which is our Constitution, cannot possibly rest upon the changeable philosophical predilections of the Justices of this Court, but must have deep foundations in the historic practices of our people.> 1992US001

United States Court of Appeals-6th Circuit (1992) in the case of Americans United for Separation of Church and State v. City of Grand Rapids, 980 F.2d 1538, 1555, stated:

<What the members of Chabad House seek in this court is fully consistent with, and does not violate, our traditional division between church and state....

They merely ask that they not be spurned because they choose to praise God. Instead of forcing them to remain on our sidelines, our Constitution offers them platform from which to proclaim their message.

In a traditional public forum, as at the ballot box, all citizens are insiders as they seek to influence our civic life.> 1992US002

United States Court of Appeals-7th Circuit (1992) in the case of Doe v. Small, 964 F.2d 611, 618 (7th Cir. 1992), stated:

<The Supreme Court has refused to find the Establishment Clause to be a sufficiently compelling interest to exclude private religious speech even from a limited public forum created by the government.> 1992US003

West Virginia Proclamation (January 28, 1992) signed by Governor Gaston Caperton declaring March 8-March 14, 1992, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<WHEREAS, West Virginia has been richly blessed in natural beauty, reflecting God's miracle of creation; and

WHEREAS, The importance of Christian Heritage to the traditions and values of our state is immeasurable; and

WHEREAS, Religious holidays, festivals and celebrations have brought welcome respite from weary labor, as well as renewed respect and meaning for nature's seasons of change; and

WHEREAS, The community church serves a vital function in binding folk together and providing crucial education and charitable services; and

WHEREAS, Teaching future generations of West Virginians the all important role of Christian Heritage is of crucial concern to West Virginians of all faiths;

NOW, THEREFORE, Be it Resolved that I, Gaston Caperton, Governor of the State of West Virginia, do hereby proclaim March 8, 1992 through March 14, 1992

as:

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

in West Virginia.

In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Great Seal of the State of West Virginia to be affixed.

Done at the Capitol, City of Charleston, State of West Virginia, this Twenty-eighth day of January, in the year of our Lord, One Thousand Nine Hundred Ninety-two and in the One Hundred Twenty-ninth year of the State.

Gaston Caperton, Governor

by the Governor, Secretary of State.> 1992WV001

Ohio Proclamation (February 18, 1992) signed by Governor George V. Voinovich declaring May 7, 1992, as a Day of Prayer in Ohio:

<STATE OF OHIO

Executive Department Office of the Governor COLUMBUS PROCLAMATION

WHEREAS, the National Day of Prayer is a tradition first proclaimed by the Continental Congress in 1775; and

WHEREAS, In 1988, legislation was unanimously ratified by both Houses of Congress and signed by President Ronald Reagan stating that the National Day of Prayer was to be observed on the first Thursday of every May; and

WHEREAS, President George Bush has set aside May 7, 1992, as the 41st consecutive observance of the National Day of Prayer; and

WHEREAS, it is fitting and proper to give thanks to the Lord by observing this day in Ohio when all may acknowledge our blessings and express gratitude for them, while recognizing the need for strengthening religious and moral values in our state and nation;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE V. VOINOVICH, Governor of the

State of Ohio, do hereby proclaim May 7, 1992, as A DAY OF PRAYER IN OHIO throughout the state of Ohio. I urge all citizens to observe this day in ways appropriate to its importance and significance.

In Testimony Whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name and caused the Great Seal of the State of Ohio to be affixed at Columbus, this eighteenth day of February in the year of our Lord, one thousand nine hundred and ninety two.

George V. Voinovich, Governor of the State of Ohio Bob Taft, Secretary of State.> 1992OH001

Kentucky Proclamation (March 17, 1992) signed by Governor Brereton C. Jones declaring May 8-May 14, 1992, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<WHEREAS, Our state has been richly blessed in natural beauty, reflecting God's miracle of creation; and

WHEREAS, The importance of Christian Heritage to the traditions and values of our state is immeasurable; and

WHEREAS, Religious holidays, festivals, and celebrations have brought welcome respite from weary labor, as well as renewed respect and meaning for nature's seasons of change; and

WHEREAS, The community church serves a vital function in binding folk together and providing crucial education and charitable services; and

WHEREAS, Teaching future generations of our state the all important role of Christian Heritage is of crucial concern to citizens of all faiths:

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Brereton C. Jones, Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, do hereby proclaim May 8-14, 1992 as

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

in recognition of our religious heritage.

Done At The Capitol, in the City of Frankfort, this the 17th day of March, in the year of our Lord One Thousand Nine Hundred Ninety-two and in the year of the Commonwealth the Two Hundredth.

Brereton C. Jones, Governor

Robert A. Babbage, Secretary of State.> 1992KY001

United States District Court (March 18, 1992) Western District of Texas-Austin Division, W.O.F. v. Attorney General, Civil No. A-92-CA-089, U.S. District Judge Sam Sparks renders the decision:

<On January 13, 1992...the Attorney General of Texas sent to the Plaintiffs, by facsimile transmission, a demand for documents....Both the nature and extent of the documents demanded were not reasonable and included documents clearly the Attorney General was not entitled to obtain from any religious organization and/or church.

The church...clearly had First Amendment rights to assert....Now, after the filing of this lawsuit, the Attorney General admits its demand for documents...and its petition in quo warranto were inappropriate....

The Court finds from the evidence that the conduct of the Attorney General and his personnel...was neither professional nor responsible, bordering on the unethical and constitutes "bad faith." This conduct is not what is expected of attorneys charged with the responsibility of being the legal representatives of the State of Texas.

It is beyond dispute freedoms of religious worship and of association are foundation pillars of our country....For generations Americans have died and been persecuted defending these specific rights.

In this particular case, the Attorney General of the State of Texas has utilized its own interpretation of a statute...to publicly accuse a church of fraud and demand documents clearly constitutionally protected.

The accusation and demand for documents and records are enforced by pleading in quo warranto requesting dissolution of the corporate church, appointment of a receiver to manage its affairs, and an Injunction against its ministers from conducting the business of the church which is admitted (by stipulation) to be a bona fide religious organization.

These circumstances satisfy, in this Court's judgment...the conduct of the Attorney General as "bad faith, harassment or any other unusual circumstance that would require equitable relief"...

The Court finds from the evidence that the Plaintiffs have established that their declining to deliver the records and documents demanded by the Attorney General was an exercise of legitimate and valid First Amendment rights, i.e. constitutionally protected.

Contributors to the church do not seek to purchase goods or services. Plaintiffs do not advertise goods or services for sale. Contributors to the church are not required to give donations in order to receive pamphlets, books or other goods. Nor is a donation required before [someone] will pray over a prayer request or perform other acts.

There is nothing to make contributors to the church believe their

contributions are in return for requested materials or acts by the church... In fact, not only do members sometimes make "vows" or contributions without requesting any materials or acts to be performed...but the church makes it a practice to inform persons who seek to "purchase" items that the church no longer sells anything....Contributors to the church are not "consumers," and the

Attorney General may not bring a DTPA action to protect their interests....

The Attorney General demanded, amongst other things...[a] list of all persons who have sent contributions to the Church...including name, address, telephone number, amount and date of contribution....The scope and substance of these requests are clearly unconstitutional.

The State has no constitutional authority to know a person's membership in or support of any church. The State has no constitutional authority to know what a person believes, how he or she practices religion, or how he or she supports religious activities.

Nor does the State have constitutional authority to probe into the internal operations of a church....The First Amendment right to freedom of religious belief and freedom of association protects this kind of information.

Implicit in these First Amendments freedoms is privacy of belief and association....Disclosure of who belongs to a group or who contributes to a group, and how much, has been vigorously safeguarded by the United States Supreme Court....The Court has recognized that disclosure to the public, or to the State, of a group's members or contributors can harm the group by subjecting them to harassment or causing new members to not join for fear of disclosure or harassment or other reprisal.

In order to withstand attack under the Establishment Clause, three requirements must be met:

First, the statute must have a secular legislative purpose; second its principal or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion; finally, the statute must not foster an excessive government entanglement with religion....

Plaintiffs' pamphlets, advertisements, television broadcasts, sermons, etc., would be subject to inspection and approval by the Attorney General.

Certainly this continual monitoring of the Plaintiffs' activities by the Attorney General would constitute an excessive entanglement....

This would also require the Attorney General to make determinations as to which representations are purely religious and which are secular. The Assistant Attorney Generals assure this Court they can distinguish purely religious assertions from secular assertions....Despite the Assistant Attorney

Generals' confidence, this Court does not believe they or any other state officials are authorized to make those kind of determinations.

See e.g. Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296, 305-06, 60 S.CT. 900, 904 (1940) (state could not give a state official the power to determine if a solicitation was for a religious cause or not); Lemon, 403 U.S. at 618-19,91 S.Ct. at 2114 ("With the best of intentions such a teacher would find it hard to make a total separation between secular teaching and religious doctrine").

It is simply not the business of courts or the State to "approve, classify, regulate, or in any manner control sermons delivered at religious meetings" or other forms of religious expression. See Fowler v. Rhode Island, 345 U.S. 526, 527, 73 S.Ct. 526, 527 (1953)....

The Attorney General sought forfeiture of [the church's] charter and dissolution of the corporation and appointment of a Receiver to take possession of the affairs of the [church], to rehabilitate, reorganize, conserve or liquidate the affairs of the corporation and sought a permanent Injunction against the [church], its officers, directors, stockholder, agents, employees, and representatives whomsoever from conducting any business of the [church]....

Application of these remedies to the Plaintiffs is clearly unconstitutional.

It is absurd for the Attorney General to think that it can deprive the Plaintiffs of their rights to freely worship as a group altogether as punishment for the Plaintiffs initial assertion of their First Amendment rights to not produce constitutionally protected documents....

A fine for exercising one's First Amendment rights would clearly be unconstitutional....Imprisonment would also clearly be unconstitutional, both as a punishment for exercising one's constitutional rights and because it would wholly prevent...exercising an important part of their religious beliefs, which is to spread their religious faith to others.

The Attorney General argues that because Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code includes a corporation operated for religious purposes the Church is a charitable entity. This Court disagrees. A church is not organized for a "civic or public purpose." If the Legislature had intended to incorporate any entity described in the Internal Revenue Code...it could have easily done so.

The church is not a charitable trust, and because jurisdiction in the Travis County Probate Court is based on the church being a charitable trust, that jurisdiction is improper....

The Attorney General cannot, in turn, use allegations of fraud as a sword to violate the Plaintiffs' First Amendment rights....

Article 1396-2.23A specifically exempts a religious institution from having to maintain, and make available to the public financial records "with respect to all financial transaction of the corporation"....

The Attorney General of Texas, is permanently enjoined from pursuing further its...demand for documents and investigation.> 1992US004

Texas Proclamation (April 7, 1992) signed by Governor Ann W. Richards declaring April 19-April 25, 1992, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<OUR state has been richly blessed in natural beauty, reflecting God's miracle of creation.

THE importance of Christian Heritage to the traditions and values of our state is immeasurable.

RELIGIOUS holidays, festivals, and celebrations have brought welcome respite from weary labor, as well as renewed respect and meaning for nature's seasons of change.

THE community church serves a vital function in binding folks together and providing crucial education and charitable services.

TEACHING future generations of our state the all-important role of Christian Heritage is of crucial concern to citizens of all faiths.

THEREFORE, I, Ann W. Richards, Governor of Texas, do hereby proclaim the week beginning Easter Sunday, April 19 through April 25, 1992, as:

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

in Texas and urge the appropriate recognition thereof.

In official recognition whereof I hereby affix my signature this 7th day of April, 1992.

Ann Richards, Governor of Texas.> 1992TX001

Alabama Proclamation (April 8, 1992) signed by Governor Guy Hunt declaring May 3-May 9, 1992, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<WHEREAS, Our state has been blessed in natural beauty, reflecting God's miracle of creation; and

WHEREAS, The importance of Christian Heritage to the traditions and values of our state is immeasurable; and

WHEREAS, religious holidays, festivals and celebrations have brought welcome respite from labor, as well as renewed respect and meaning for nature's changing seasons; and

WHEREAS, The community church serves a vital function in bringing people together and providing educational and charitable services; and

WHEREAS, Teaching future generations of our state the important role of Christian Heritage is of crucial concern to people of all faiths:

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Gary Hunt, Governor of the State of Alabama, do hereby proclaim May 3 through 9, 1992, as

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

in Alabama, in recognition of our religious heritage.

Given Under My Hand, and the Great Seal of the Governor's Office at the State House in the City of Montgomery on this the 8th day of April, 1992,

Guy Hunt, Governor.> 1992AL001

Iowa (May 23, 1992) Governor Terry Edward Branstad joined the thousands in Des Moines and the estimated 600,000 worldwide in the first international March For Jesus. With over 142 U.S. cities participating and 50 other nations, this yearly event has grown to include an estimated 25 million participants globally. At the end of the march, Governor Terry Branstad addressed the crowd, stating:

<It is exciting to see people from all over the world marching today in this very special March For Jesus. We all come together with a common belief in God, and we recognize that we are dependent on the Lord for guidance, that we can't do it by ourselves.> 1992IA001

Alaska Proclamation (July 2, 1992) signed by Governor Walter J. Hickel declaring November 22-November 28, 1992, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<Alaska has been richly blessed in natural beauty, reflecting God's miracle of creation. The importance of Christian Heritage to the traditions and values of our state is immeasurable.

Religious holidays, festivals, and celebrations have brought welcome respite from weary labor, as well as renewed respect and meaning for nature's seasons of change.

The community church serves a vital function in binding folks together and providing crucial education and charitable services. Teaching future generations of our state the all important role of Christian Heritage is of concern to citizens of all faiths.

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Walter J. Hickel, Governor of the State of Alaska, do hereby proclaim November 22 through 28, 1992, as:

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

in Alaska, and urge all Alaskans to reflect upon this foundation of our nation.

DATED: July 2, 1992

Done by

Walter J. Hickel, Governor

who has also authorized the Seal of the State of Alaska to be affixed to this proclamation.> 1992AK001

Kentucky (July 14, 1992) in the Regular Session of the General Assembly of the Legislature, passed Kentucky Revised Statute, Title XIII, Education, 158.195, regarding conduct of schools, which was signed into law by Governor Brereton Jones:

<158.195. Reading and posting in public schools of texts and documents on American history and heritage.-Local school boards may allow any teacher or administrator in a public school district of the Commonwealth to read or post in a public school building, classroom, or event any excerpts or portions of the National Motto, the National Anthem, the Pledge of Allegiance, the Preamble to the Kentucky Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, the Mayflower Pact, the writings, speeches, documents, and proclamations of the founding fathers and presidents of the United States, U.S. Supreme Court decisions, and acts of the U.S. Congress, including the published text of the Congressional Record.

There shall be no content-based censorship of American history or heritage in the Commonwealth based on religious references in these writings, documents, and records.(Enact. Acts 1992, ch. 170, Section 4, effective July 14, 1992.)> 1992KY002

South Carolina Proclamation (July 26, 1992) signed by Governor Carroll A. Campbell, Jr., declaring July 26-August 1, 1992, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<WHEREAS, Our state has been richly blessed in natural beauty, reflecting God's miracle of creation; and

WHEREAS, The importance of Christian Heritage to the traditions and values of our state is immeasurable; and

WHEREAS, Religious holidays, festivals and celebrations have brought welcome respite from weary labor, as well as renewed respect and meaning for nature's seasons of change; and

WHEREAS, The community church serves a vital function in binding folk together and providing crucial education and charitable services; and

WHEREAS, Teaching future generations of our state the all important role of Christian Heritage is of crucial concern to citizens of all faiths.

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Carroll A. Campbell, Jr., Governor of the State of South Carolina, do hereby proclaim July 26- August 1, 1992, as

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

in South Carolina in recognition of our religious heritage. Carroll A. Campbell, Jr., Governor

State of South Carolina, Office of the Governor.> 1992SC001

United States Congress (August 11, 1992) U.S. Representative Nick Joe Rahall II introduced legislation in the 102nd Congress to declare November 22 through November 28, 1992, as "America's Christian Heritage Week." (Reintroduce in the 103rd Congress as Christian Heritage Resolution, H.J. 113). As recorded in the Congressional Record, Vol 138, No. 1, Washington, Wednesday, August 12, 1992, the legislation reads:

<America's Christian Heritage Week Hon. Nick Joe Rahall, II of West Virginia in the House of Representatives

Tuesday, August 11, 1992

Mr. Rahall. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to introduce a House joint resolution calling for the designation of Thanksgiving week as "America's Christian Heritage Week." This year, the proclamation would cover the week of November 22 through November 28. It proclaims that America does, indeed, have a Christian heritage.

Mr. Speaker, one of the first things we, our parents before us, and our children after us, learned in school was that the settlement of America came about because of the desire of oppressed peoples to have the freedom to worship as they please.

At this time in history we as Americans-free men and women-are being called upon to witness emerging democracies struggle with the same potentially politically divisive questions as our Founding Fathers struggled with more than 200 years ago. Questions such as: To what extent should public schools recognize and teach religion? How much should the State regulate a church's charitable activities? Should churches be exempt from general laws? To what extent should church and State be separated?

And while we watch and wait for those emerging democracies to turn from the long held atheism of communism to true religious freedoms, we find ourselves, with heavy hearts, watching our own Government succumb to pressures to distant itself from God and religion. All because of a simple constitutional prohibition of a State-sponsored church, our own Government and higher court has allowed it to evolve into bans against the simple freedom as:

First, representation of the Ten Commandments on government buildings;

Second, Christmas manger scenes on public property; Third, prayer in schools; and

Fourth, prayer at public meetings-including high school graduation ceremonies.

We seem to be bowing to pressure to seek a blind standard of legislative amorality, with a total exclusion of the mention of God in the public square, instead of a national morality based on religious principles of which Washington spoke.

Such a standard of religious exclusion is absolutely and unequivocally counter to the intention of those who designed our Government. It was not, in my view, mere chance that placed the freedom to worship according to individual conscience among the first freedoms specified in the Bill of Rights-freedoms that must flourish together or perish separately.

The Founding Fathers understood this country's religious heritage. But as Samuel Adams said: "I thank God that I have lived to see my country independent and free. She may long enjoy her independence and freedom if she will. It depends upon her virtue."

In other words, it depends upon us.

When Abraham Lincoln sat apart a day for national prayer and humiliation, he cried out: "We have grown in numbers, wealth and power as no other nation has ever grown. But we have forgotten God."

At a time of increasing focus on family values by us as individuals, as political parties, as religious groups, as communities, let us set aside an occasion of celebration to help us make our families truly free by teaching them that God holds us all accountable.

It depends upon all of us whether America long enjoys her independence and freedom-and it depends upon our virtue.

As legislators let us each try never to support legislation that sponsors laws contrary to the laws of God.

The freedom we give thanks for daily, and the freedom we especially celebrate on Thanksgiving day, is at stake when we can no longer hear a child's prayer in school, or a benediction at a high school students' graduation ceremony.

Let us all be wise and remember the source of our many blessings, and never be timid or apologetic in sharing this knowledge with others.

There is no better place than this great land of America for people to embrace and declare that our trust is in God, and that we look to His commandments and teachings for values that fortify and give direction to our families.

This resolution I introduce today is like many others we have voted on in this body-in celebration of prayer, of Bible reading, of our trust in God.

We as Members of Congress begin our session in the House Chamber with a prayer and we follow it by a pledge of allegiance which contains the words, "one Nation under God, indivisible..." a change brought about at President Eisenhower's bidding, approved by Congress on June 14, 1956. At that time, President Eisenhower said, "In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America's heritage and future, in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country's most powerful resource in peace and in war."

As Members we are deeply familiar with George Washington's Thanksgiving Proclamation, acknowledging the Providence of Almighty God.

In October 1982 President Ronald Reagan signed a joint resolution of Congress proclaiming the year 1983 as the "Year of the Bible."

More recently in 1990, President George Bush proclaimed 1990 as "International Year of Bible Reading." President Bush issued another proclamation in 1991, calling for a National Day of Prayer on February 3, 1991, to keep our fighting men and women safe while they sought the liberation of Kuwait.

My colleagues, we are not strangers to resolutions recognizing, observing, proclaiming this Government's belief in and reliance in Almighty God, and the power of prayer to strengthen us and guide us as a nation in all that we do here and throughout the world.

I invite each of you to cosponsor the resolution I have introduce today, proclaiming the week of November 22 through November 28, 1992, as "America's Christian Heritage Week." I pray that it will be given the support and cosponsorship it deserves and that it will become law in time for our prayerful observances, each in our own ways, at Thanksgiving time this year.> 1992US005

Mississippi Proclamation (October 5, 1992) signed by Governor Kirk Fordice declaring October 11-October 17, 1992, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<WHEREAS, The people of the State of Mississippi desire to recognize and commemorate the Christian Heritage of the United States of America; and

WHEREAS, The Christian Heritage of our nation is recognized in the accomplishments of such renowned individuals as Christopher Columbus, William Bradford, George Washington, John Hancock, Abigail Adams, Noah Webster, Abraham Lincoln and Woodrow Wilson; and

WHEREAS, The rights of citizens to be fully educated as to the Christian Heritage of our nation is recognized by the United States as a voluntary exercise of the freedom of educational choice; and

WHEREAS, The Christian faith has been historically documented as a foundational influence on the inception, formation, structure and culture of our nation:

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Kirk Fordice, Governor of the State of Mississippi, do hereby proclaim October 11 through October 17, 1992

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

in Mississippi and encourage our citizens to join in recognizing the historical Christian Heritage of our nation.

In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Great Seal of the State of Mississippi to be affixed.

Done at the Capitol, in the City of Jackson, the 5th day of October in the year of our Lord, nineteen hundred and ninety-two, and the Independence of the United States of America, the two hundred and seventeenth.

Kirk Fordice, Governor

D.M., Secretary of State.> 1992MS001

United States Supreme Court (1993) in the case of Jayne Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic, Justice Scalia delivered the majority decision, which held that:

<A value judgment favoring childbirth over abortion is proper and reasonable enough to be implemented by the allocation of public funds.> 1993US001

United States Court of Appeals-9th Circuit (1993) in the case of Kreisner v. City of San Diego, 1 F.3d 775, 785, held:

<The Committee [erecting the display], like other citizens of diverse views, has a right to express its views publicly in areas traditionally held open for all manner of speech.> 1993US002

Colorado Proclamation (January 5, 1993) signed by Governor Roy Romer declaring April 4-11, 1993, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<WHEREAS, Christian Heritage has contributed to the traditions and values of our state; and

WHEREAS, religious holidays, festivals and celebrations have brought welcome respite for many Coloradans and have renewed the respect and meaning held for nature's changing seasons; and

WHEREAS, the community church has served an important function in bringing people together and in providing education and charitable services; and WHEREAS, many Colorado churches are observing Christian Heritage

Week in celebration of the role Christianity has held in the lives of their members;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Roy Romer Governor of Colorado, proclaim April 4-11, 1993, as

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

in the State of Colorado.

Given under my hand and the Executive Seal of the State of Colorado, this fifth day of January, 1993.

Roy Romer, Governor.> 1993CO001

California Proclamation (February 11, 1993) signed by Governor Pete Wilson declaring February 14-20, 1993, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<WHEREAS, the Judeo-Christian moral traditions upon which our 00nation was founded have greatly influenced the lives of generations of Americans and the development of our society; and

WHEREAS, these traditions are bolstered by ideals vital to our individual happiness and collective good; and

WHEREAS, these traditions stress the importance of family, religion, personal and societal responsibility, humane and just values, and brotherhood among all mankind; and

WHEREAS, great men and women throughout U.S. history have turned to their religious beliefs not only for their own comfort, strength, and inspirational guidance, but to embolden them in their efforts to promote liberty, humanity, and opportunity for all people; and

WHEREAS, today's culture makes it difficult for mothers and fathers to impart to their children the moral traditions that will enrich their growing years and help them become responsible, productive adults; and

WHEREAS, we must uphold the Judeo-Christian traditions that have for centuries been our nation's strength, for in remembering and celebrating our religious past we can more faithfully strive for a vibrant spiritual future; and

WHEREAS, once again this year, citizens from coast to coast will be joined in celebration of Christian Heritage Week to rededicate themselves to the tenets of Judeo-Christian teaching that have helped make America the greatest nation in the world;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Pete Wilson, Governor of the State of California, do hereby proclaim February 14-20, 1993, as Christian Heritage Week in California and urge all citizens to appropriately celebrate this observance with reverence for the beliefs they cherish and thanks for the blessings in their lives.

In Witness Whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Great Seal of the State of California to be affixed this 11th day of February, 1993.

Pete Wilson, Governor of California M.F., Secretary of State.> 1993CA001

Gallup Poll (February 27, 1993) reported by Ari Goldman in the New York Times:

<96 percent of Americans believe in God. Among those polled 82 percent identify themselves as Christians, (being approximately 56 percent Protestant and 25 percent Roman Catholic), and 2 percent of Americans identified themselves as Jewish.> 1993GP001

West Virginia Proclamation (March 1, 1993) signed by Governor Gaston Caperton declaring November 21-November 27, 1993, as "Christian Heritage Week". (A similar Proclamation was also signed February 18, 1994.):

<WHEREAS, For many West Virginians, life in the one-room schoolhouse began with a daily Pledge of Allegiance, prayer, and Bible reading; and

WHEREAS, The West Virginia legislature opens each daily session with a prayer to Almighty God; and

WHEREAS, West Virginia has been richly blessed in natural resources, reflecting God's miracle of creation; and

WHEREAS, the Bill of Rights to the Constitution of West Virginia guarantees religious freedom to all citizens; and

WHEREAS, Thanksgiving week is an appropriate time to center attention on thanks to Almighty God for His great and good Providence and for the Christian faith, which is a foundation of American history;

NOW, THEREFORE, Be it Resolved that I, Gaston Caperton, Governor of the State of West Virginia, do hereby proclaim November 21, 1993, through November 21, 1993, as:

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

in West Virginia and encourage our citizens to acknowledge and appreciate the religious heritage of our great state and nation.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Great Seal of the State of West Virginia to be affixed.

DONE at the Capitol City of Charleston, State of West Virginia, this the first day of March, in the year of our Lord, One Thousand Nine Hundred Ninety-three and in the One Hundred Thirtieth year of the State.

Gaston Caperton, Governor By the Governor

Ken Hechler, Secretary of State.> 1993WV001

City of Coppell, Texas (April 27, 1993) passed the following resolution:

<RESOLUTION No. 042793.1

A RESOLUTION URGING THAT PRAYER BE RETURNED TO THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS AND THAT CITIES ACROSS THE STATE OF TEXAS JOIN IN AN EFFORT TO REINSTATE PRAYER IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS BY PASSING SIMILAR RESOLUTIONS AND UNITING IN A GRASS ROOTS MOVEMENT FOR THAT PURPOSE.

WHEREAS, the Constitution of the United States Article (1) states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof..."

WHEREAS, our nation was founded upon the many different religious beliefs and ideals of settlers from other countries; and

WHEREAS, our nation was founded on the freedom OF RELIGION and was not founded on the freedom FROM RELIGION; and

WHEREAS, through time court decisions and certain interest groups have contributed to the deterioration of those religious beliefs and ideals to the extent that prayer has been banned from the public school system; and

WHEREAS, public schools are in a unique position to influence and guide the lives of this nation's youth; and

WHEREAS, the City Council strongly believes that reinstitution of prayer in the public schools will move this nation toward those religious ideals and beliefs upon which this nation was founded; and

WHEREAS, the City Council urges all cities across this State to join in an effort to reinstate prayer in the public schools by passing similar resolutions and uniting in a "grass roots" movement for that purpose;

NOW THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF COPPELL, TEXAS:

Section 1. That the City Council of the City of Coppell, Texas strongly urges that prayer be returned to the public school systems of this nation and invites all cities across this State to join in an effort to reinstate prayer in the public schools by passing similar resolutions and uniting in a grass roots movement for that purpose.

DULY PASSED AND APPROVED by the City Council of the City of Coppell, Texas on this the 27th day of April, 1993.

THE CITY OF COPPELL, TEXAS

By Mark Wolfe, Mayor ATTEST:

Linda Grau, Assistant City Secretary b:\Pub Sch Pra.Res.> 1993TX001

Missouri Proclamation (May 3, 1993) signed by Governor Mel Carnahan declaring November 21-November 27, 1993, as "Christian Heritage Week". (A similar Proclamation was also signed May 17, 1994):

<WHEREAS, For many Missourians, life in the one-room schoolhouse began with a daily Pledge of Allegiance, prayer, and Bible reading; and

WHEREAS, The Missouri Legislature opens each daily session with a prayer to Almighty God; and

WHEREAS, Missouri has been richly blessed in natural resources, reflecting God's miracle of creation; and

WHEREAS, The Bill of Rights to the Constitution of Missouri guarantees religious freedom to all citizens; and

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Mel Carnahan, Governor of the State of Missouri, do hereby proclaim November 21-27, 1993, as

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

in Missouri and encourage all citizens to acknowledge and appreciate the religious heritage of our great state and nation.

IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused to be affixed the Great Seal of the State of Missouri, in the City of Jefferson, this 3rd day of May, 1993.

Mel Carnahan, Governor

Attest: J.M., Secretary of State.> 1993MO001

United States Court of Appeals-7th Circuit (May 17, 1993) rendered its opinion in the case of Walsh v. Boy Scouts of America. In 1989, Elliott Walsh of Hinsdale, an agnostic, had sued the Boy Scouts on behalf of his 10-year-old son, Mark, claiming religious discrimination against the West Suburban Council Tiger Cub Scout chapter. The Court ruled that the Boy Scouts could keep the phrase "duty to God" in their oath, and as a private organization they had the right to exclude anyone who refused to take the oath.

Judge John Coffey, in delivering the 2-1 majority opinion, stated the Boy Scouts did not violate the 1964 Civil Rights Act, as scouting was an activity and not a facility, a membership organization, rather than a "place of public accommodation":

<The leadership of many in our government is a testimonial to the success of Boy Scout activities....In recent years, single-parent families, gang activity, the availability of drugs and other factors have increased the dire need for support structures like the Scouts.

When the government, in this instance, through the courts, seeks to regulate the membership of an organization like the Boy Scouts in a way that scuttles its founding principles, we run the risk of undermining one of the seedbeds of virtue that cultivate the sorts of citizens our nation so desperately needs.> 1993US003

United States Supreme Court (June 7, 1993) in the case of Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District, rendered a 9-0 unanimous decision, overturning a ruling by the Second U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals. The case involved a New York school district that had rejected the request for facilities, which are made available for other non-curricular uses, to be used for the showing of Dr. James Dobson's film, Turn Your Heart Toward Home. The Supreme Court allowed the film to be shown, thereby upholding the right of freedom of speech, including religious free speech, within the public arena. Free speech, even involving religious content, cannot be restricted by the New York education law, which permits public school facilities to be rented for the purpose of:

<Holding social, civic, and recreational meetings and entertainments, and other uses pertaining to the welfare of the community.> 1993US004

During the proceedings, Supreme Court Justice Scalia questioned the school board's attorney:

<Justice Scalia: You are here representing both respondents [the State of New York and the school board]...in this argument, and the Attorney General of New York, in his brief defending...the New York rule says that 'Religious advocacy serves the community only in the eyes of its adherents and yields a benefit only to those who already believe.'

Does New York State-I grew up in New York State, and in those days they-they used to have a tax exemption for religious property. Is that still there?

Counsel: Yes, Your Honor, it still is.

Justice Scalia: But they've changed their view, apparently, that-Counsel; Well, Your Honor-

Justice Scalia: You see-it used to be thought that-that religion-it didn't matter what religion, but it-some code of morality always went with it and was thought, you know, what was called a God-fearing person might be less likely to mug me and rape my sister. That apparently is not the view of New York anymore.

Counsel: Well I'm not sure that that's-that-

Justice Scalia: Has this new regime worked very well? (Laughter)> 1993US005

Justice White, writing the opinion, stated:

<The government violates the First Amendment when it denies access to a speaker solely to suppress the point of view he espouses on an otherwise inculpable subject....[the] First Amendment forbids the government to regulate speech in ways that favor some viewpoints or ideas at the expense of others.> 1993US006

Justice Scalia, in his concurring opinion, wrote:

<That was not the view of those who adopted our Constitution, who believed that the public virtues inculcated by religion are a public good.

It suffices to point out that during the summer of 1789, when it was in the process of drafting the First Amendment, Congress enacted the famous Northwest Territory Ordinance of 1789, Article III of which provides, "Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged."> 1993US007

United States Supreme Court (June 7, 1993) in the case of Jones v. Clear Creek Independent School District, 977 F.2d 963, 972 (5th Cir. 1992), upheld the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals decision permitting student-initiated prayer at high school graduation ceremonies, providing a majority of the class votes to do so:

<A majority of students can do what the State acting on its own cannot do to incorporate prayer in public high school graduation ceremonies.> 1993US008

On June 26, 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court continued to permit student-led prayer at graduation ceremonies by lifting a temporary ban imposed on nine western states by the San Francisco-based 9th Circuit Court of Appeals. Samuel Harris, a student, had challenged Idaho's Grangeville High School's practice of allowing student-led prayer at graduation ceremonies, but the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed the case as moot, thereby allowing the practice of student-led graduation prayer to continue.

Tennessee Proclamation (June 21, 1993) signed by Governor Ned McWherter declaring August 29-September 4, 1993, as "Christian Heritage Week". (A similar Proclamation was signed November 21, 1994.):

<WHEREAS, The Constitution of the State of Tennessee states that "All power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their peace, safety, and happiness...That all men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty god according to the dictates of their own conscience; that no man can of right be compelled to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or to maintain any minister against his consent..."; and

WHEREAS, Benjamin Franklin, at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 stated: "It is impossible to build an empire without our Father's aid. I believe the sacred writings which say that 'Except the Lord build the house, they labor in vain that build it' (Psalm 127:1); and

WHEREAS, George Washington enunciated: "animated alone by the pure spirit of Christianity, and conducting ourselves as the faithful subjects of our free government, we may enjoy every temporal and spiritual felicity;" and

WHEREAS, Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence, wrote: "Can the liberties of a nation be secure when we have removed the conviction that these liberties are the gift of God?" and

WHEREAS, James Madison, father of the U.S. Constitution, advocated "the diffusion of the light of Christianity in our nation" in his Memorial and Remonstrance; and

WHEREAS, Patrick Henry quoted Proverbs 14:34 for our nation: "Righteousness alone can exalt a nation, but sin is a disgrace to any people"; and

WHEREAS, George Mason, in his Virginia Declaration of Rights, forerunner to our U.S. Bill of Rights, affirmed: "that it is the mutual duty of all to practice Christian forbearance, love and charity towards each other"; and

WHEREAS, These, and many other truly great men and women of America, giants in the structuring of American history, were Christian statesmen of calibre and integrity who did not hesitate to express their faith;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Ned McWherter, as Governor of the State of Tennessee do hereby proclaim August 29 through September 4, 1993, as

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

in Tennessee and urge all citizens to join me in this worthy observance. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the

Great Seal of the State of Tennessee to be affixed at Nashville on this 21st Day of June, 1993.

Ned McWherter, Governor

Riley C. Darnell, Secretary of State.> 1993TN001

Texas Supreme Court (June 30, 1993) in the case of Ex Parte: Reverend Keith Tucci, declared that a proposed 100 foot "speech free zone" around abortion facilities violated the Constitution of the State of Texas. The Supreme Court of Texas issued the opinion:

<Today our court continues to favor the growth and enhancement of freedom, not its constraint. The fact that vigorous debate of public issues in our society may produce speech considered obnoxious or offensive by some is a necessary cost of that freedom. Our Constitution calls on this court to maintain a commitment to expression that is strong and uncompromising for friend and foe alike.> 1993TX002

United States District Court (July 1993) in the case of Black v. City of Atlanta, ordered the City of Atlanta, Georgia, to adopt procedures respecting the rights of pro-life protestors. The ruling encompassed:

<1. The fundamental rights of speech, press and religion includes the freedom to engage in prayer, conversation, oratory, display and/or distribution of literature, display of picket signs, reading of scriptures, singing and chanting.

City authorities will not interfere with, restrict, or deny the rights of speech, press, or religion, unless an actual obstruction or impediment occurs. Circumstances where physical passage is possible, but discomfort with the messages of a speaker causes a person to avoid the abortion location, are not considered an obstruction or impediment.
Public streets and public sidewalks located adjacent to abortion facilities in Atlanta are public forums. The City of Atlanta and its law enforcement personnel shall respect the exercise of free speech rights on these public forums.

Atlanta's law enforcement personnel must allow the greatest tolerance for political and religious expression by its citizens. The Atlanta Police Department's Field Manual will be revised to include the guidelines set forth in the court order. Copies of the court order will be distributed to all police zone and watch commanders.> 1993US010

United States Court of Appeals-10th Circuit (July 12, 1993) in the case of Cannon v. City and County of Denver, rendered a unanimous decision in favor of two women who picketed near an abortion clinic, stating:

<We are convinced that here the message on the signs did not amount to fighting words under the Supreme Court's standards....Furthermore they played an important role in the exposition of ideas. We hold therefore that the rights of the protestors to picket on the public sidewalks in front of the clinic with signs was a clearly established constitutional right at the time of the 1988 arrests in question.> 1993US011

Oklahoma State Court (July 15, 1993) Tulsa County, in the case of Crowley, Gaines and Ries v. Tltn., District Judge Robert J. Scott granted the defendants summary judgment, stating:

<Initially Christianity was taught by Christ. He then taught disciples who went out over the world to teach others. This process has spread to a major world body of believers. Religion should be permitted to use contemporary means to communicate religious messages in the form of TV appeal to mass audiences, follow-up communication by computerized mailing designed to convert and symbolic tokens to cause response to the messages.

The context of the message is belief, and the freedom for belief is absolute. When a minister or a church urges one to take certain actions based upon a representation that God will act toward that person in positive and rewarding ways, they are entitled to absolute protection as a belief.> 1993OK001

Wisconsin Proclamation (September 20, 1993) signed by Governor Tommy G. Thompson declaring October 3-October 9, 1993, as "Christian Heritage Week". (A similar Proclamation was also signed November 1, 1994.):

<WHEREAS, The Preamble to the Constitution of the State of Wisconsin states that "We, the people of Wisconsin, grateful to Almighty God for our freedom, domestic tranquility and to promote the general welfare, do establish this Constitution"; and

WHEREAS, James Madison, father of the U.S. Constitution, advocated "the diffusion of the light of Christianity in our nation" in his Memorial and Remonstrance; and

WHEREAS, Patrick Henry quoted Proverbs 14:34 for our nation: "Righteousness alone can exalt a nation, but sin is a disgrace to any people"; and

WHEREAS, these, and many other great men and women of America, giants in the structuring of American history, were Christian statesmen of calibre and integrity who did not hesitate to express their faith;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Tommy G. Thompson, Governor of the State of Wisconsin, do hereby proclaim October 3 through October 9, 1993

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

in the State of Wisconsin, and I commend this observance to all citizens.

IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Great Seal of the State of Wisconsin to be affixed. Done at the Capitol in the City of Madison this twentieth day of September in the year one thousand nine hundred ninety-three.

Tommy G. Thompson, Governor By the Governor

Douglas La Follet, Secretary of State.> 1993WI001

United States Court of Appeals-11th Circuit (October 18, 1993) in the case of Chabad-Lubavitch of Georgia v. Miller, No. 92-8008 stated:

<Because the religious speech is communicated in a true public forum...the state, by definition, neither endorses nor disapproves of the speech. By permitting religious speech in a public forum-whether in the heart of a core government building, in the Georgia Governor's mansion, or in the outer reaches of some state-owned pasture-the state simply does not endorse, but rather acts in a strictly neutral manner toward, private speech.> 1993US012

Kentucky Proclamation (November 1, 1993) signed by Governor Brereton C. Jones declaring November 21-November 27, 1993, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<WHEREAS, All 50 state constitutions contain a statement of faith similar to the Preamble to Kentucky's Constitution which recognizes Almighty God to be the source "for all civil, political and religious liberties we enjoy and invoking the continuance of these blessings;" and

WHEREAS, The Pilgrims fathers, in the Mayflower Compact, America's first written constitution, made a covenant to "form a civil body politic" "for the glory of God and the advancement of the Christian faith;" and

WHEREAS, Our Founding Fathers recognized the nature of this covenant relationship whereby the success and prosperity of the nation is dependent upon America's respect for the Lord and adherence to His ways; and

WHEREAS, In 1863 President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation as requested by the United States Senate which recognized that, "It is the duty of nations to own their dependence on the overruling power of god" and, "That those nations only are blessed whose God is the Lord."

WHEREAS, In 1789 both Houses of Congress requested President George Washington to issue the First Thanksgiving Proclamation which states: "Whereas, it is the duty of all nations to acknowledge the Providence of Almighty God, to obey His Will, to be grateful for His benefits, and humbly implore His protection, and favor...and unite in most humbly offering our prayers and supplications to the great Lord and Ruler of Nations, and beseech Him to pardon our national and other transgressions..."

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Brereton C. Jones, Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, do hereby proclaim November 21-27, 1993 as

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

in Kentucky, and call on the citizens of the Commonwealth to acknowledge the Providence of Almighty God, the need to obey His Will, be grateful for His benefits, unite in humbly offering prayers and supplications to the great Lord and Ruler of Nations, and beseech Him to pardon our national and other transgressions.

DONE AT THE CAPITOL, in the City of Frankfort, this the 1st day of November, in the year of our Lord One Thousand Nine Hundred Ninety-three and in the 202nd year of the Commonwealth.

Brereton C. Jones, Governor

Bob Babbage, Secretary of State.> 1993KY001

Delaware Proclamation (November 14, 1993) signed by Governor Thomas R. Carper declaring November 14-20, 1993, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<WHEREAS, our nation was founded on the belief that religious freedom was an inherent right of all citizens; and

WHEREAS, the Constitution of the State of Delaware states that "Through Divine Goodness, all men have by nature the rights of worshipping and serving their Creator according to the dictates of their consciences..."; and

WHEREAS, James Madison, father of the U.S. Constitution, advocated "the diffusion of the light of Christianity in our nation" in his Memorial and Remonstrance; and

WHEREAS, Patrick Henry quoted Proverbs 14:34 for our nation: "Righteousness alone can exalt a nation, but sin is a disgrace to any people"; and

WHEREAS, these, and many other truly great men and women of America, giants in the structuring of American history, were Christian statesman of caliber and integrity who relied on their religious beliefs for guidance, strength and comfort.

NOW, THEREFORE, WE, Thomas R. Carper, Governor, and Ruth Ann Minner, Lieutenant Governor, of the State of Delaware, do hereby declare November 14-20, 1993, as

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

in the State of Delaware, and urge all citizens to recognize the importance of this event.> 1993DE001

Ohio Proclamation (November 17, 1993) signed by Governor George V. Voinovich declaring November 21-November 27, 1993, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<In the Name and by the Authority of the State of Ohio, George V. Voinovich, Governor of said State, hereby officially designates November 21-27, 1993 as "CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK" throughout the State of Ohio.

IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I have hereunto subscribed my name and caused the Great Seal of the State of Ohio to be affixed, at Columbus, this seventeenth day of November, One Thousand Nine Hundred and Ninety Three.

George V. Voinovich, Governor.> 1993OH001

Rhode Island Proclamation (November 17, 1993) signed by Governor Bruce Sundlun declaring November 21-November 27, 1993, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<WHEREAS, On behalf of the citizens of the State of Rhode Island, I am pleased to join with The Concord Christian Connection in recognizing Christian Heritage Week, November 21-27, 1993; and

WHEREAS, the Rhode Island legislature begins each daily session with a prayer to Almighty God; and

WHEREAS, the Bill of Rights to the Constitution of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations guarantees religious freedom to all citizens; and

WHEREAS, As Governor, I am pleased to recognize this Thanksgiving Week as Christian Heritage Week; and

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Bruce Sundlun, Governor of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, do hereby proclaim,

November 21-27, 1993 "CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

in the State Rhode Island.

In recognition whereof I have hereby set my hand and caused the Seal of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations to be hereunto affixed this 17th day of November, 1993.

Bruce Sundlun, Governor

Barbara M. Leonard, Secretary of State.> 1993RI001

Hawaii Proclamation (December 30, 1993) signed by Governor John Waihee declaring February 12-22, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<WHEREAS, the Preamble of the Constitution of the State of Hawaii states, "We, the people of Hawaii, Grateful for Divine Guidance..."; and

WHEREAS, the State Motto, "Ua mau ke ea o ka 'aina i ka pono"-The Life of the Land is Perpetuated in Righteousness-was first uttered by Queen Ke'opuolani as she was baptized into the Christian faith before her death in 1825; and

WHEREAS, King Kamehameha III reiterated his mother's dying words, "Ua mau ke ea o ka 'aina i ka pono," as he gave thanks to God at Kawaiaha'o Church for the return of his kingdom in 1843; and

WHEREAS, the first Hawaiian Christian, Henry Opukahai'a's zeal for Christ and love for the Hawaiian people inspired the first American Board mission to Hawaii in 1820; and

WHEREAS, amid much solemnity and rejoicing the remains of Henry Opukahai'a were returned to Hawaii in 1993, 175 years after his death in Connecticut, and were reinterred at Napo'opo'o, Kona, Hawaii; and

WHEREAS, the influence of Christianity helped to bring about medical aid, public health policies, public education, law and order, political stability and the principles of democracy to the Hawaiian Kingdom; and

WHEREAS, the founding fathers of the United States and many of the leaders who shaped the modern history of Hawaii readily acknowledge their Christian religious heritage as a guiding force in their daily lives and in the conduct of their professional and personal pursuits; and

WHEREAS, the Hawaii Association of Evangelicals has set aside a period in February, 1994, for activities and events to educate the public about the Christian roots of our country and our state; and

WHEREAS, this period-designated as Christian Heritage Week-has been chosen because it is between the birthdays of Presidents Lincoln and Washington, deeply religious leaders who drew great strength and inspiration from their Christian beliefs, and within this period also falls the anniversary of the death of Henry Opukahai'a, recognized as one of the pivotal persons in Hawaii's history;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, John Waihee, Governor of the State of Hawaii, do hereby proclaim the period February 12 through February 22, 1994, to be

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK IN HAWAII"

Done at the State Capitol, in the Executive Chambers, Honolulu, State of Hawaii, this Thirtieth day of December, 1993.

John Waihee, Governor.> 1993HI001

New York Supreme Court (December 30, 1993) in the Appellate Division, stated in the case of Alfonso v. Fernandez, that the public schools in New York City are:

<Prohibited from dispensing condoms to unemancipated minor students without the prior consent of their parents or guardians, or without an opt-out provision....

[The condom distribution plan] is tantamount to condoning promiscuity and sexual permissiveness, and that the exposure to condoms and their ready availability may encourage sexual relations among adolescents at an earlier age and/or with more frequency, thereby weakening their moral and religious values....

[The court agrees that] supplying condoms to students upon request has absolutely nothing to do with education, [but is a] health service....

[Parents should not be] compelled by state authority to send their children into an environment where they will be permitted, even encouraged, to obtain a contraceptive device, which the parents disfavor as a matter of private belief....

The amici miss the point. The primary purpose of the Board of Education is not to serve as a health provider. Its reason for being is education.

No judicial or legislative authority directs or permits teachers and other public school educators to dispense condoms to minor, unemancipated students without the knowledge or consent of their parents. Nor do we believe that they have any inherent authority to do so....

[Parents] enjoy a well-recognized liberty interest in rearing and educating their children to accord with their own views, [citing U.S. Supreme Court cases from the 1920's, Pierce v. Society of Sisters and Meyer v. Nebraska] The Constitution gives parents the right to regulate their children's sexual behavior as best they can, [a contraceptive decision] is clearly within the purview of the petitioners' constitutionally protected right to rear their children....

[The AIDS problem cannot force parents] to surrender a parenting right-specifically, to influence and guide the sexual activity of their children without state interference....

The threat of AIDS cannot summarily obliterate this Nation's fundamental values....We conclude that the condom availability component of

the program violates the petitioners' constitutional due process rights to direct the upbringing of their children.> 1993NY001

Maine Constitution (1993) as amended and revised by Chief Justice:

<PREAMBLE. We the people of Maine, in order to establish justice, insure tranquillity, provide for our mutual defense, promote our common welfare, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of liberty, acknowledging with grateful hearts the goodness of the Sovereign Ruler of the Universe in affording us an opportunity, so favorable to the design; and, imploring God's aid and direction in its accomplishment, do agree to form ourselves into a free and independent State, by the style and title of the State of Maine and do ordain and establish the following Constitution for the government of the same...

DECLARATION OF RIGHTS, ARTICLE 4, PART 3, SECTION 3.

All individuals have a natural and unalienable right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences, and no person shall be hurt, molested or restrained in that person's liberty or estate for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of that person's own conscience, nor for that person's religious professions or sentiments, provided that that person does not disturb the public peace, nor obstruct others in their religious worship;-and all persons demeaning themselves peaceably, as good members of the State, shall be equally under the protection of the laws, and no subordination nor preference of any one sect or denomination to another shall ever be established by law, nor shall any religious test be required as a qualification for any office or trust, under this State; and all religious societies in this State, whether incorporate or unincorporate, shall at all times have the exclusive right of electing their public teachers, and contracting with them for their support and maintenance...

SECTION 20. Written petitions for a people's veto...must be filed in the office of the Secretary of State, or, if such 5th day is a Saturday, a Sunday or a legal holiday, by 5:00 p.m., on the next day which is not a Saturday, a Sunday or a legal holiday...

ARTICLE 7, SECTION 5...Persons of the denominations of Quakers and Shakers, Justices of the Supreme Judicial Court, Ministers of the Gospel and persons exempted by the laws of the United States may be exempted from military duty...

ARTICLE 9, SECTION 1. Every person elected or appointed to either of the places or offices provided in this Constitution, and every person elected, appointed, or commissioned to any judicial, executive, military or other office under this State, shall, before entering on the discharge of the duties of that place or office, take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation:

"I, do swear, that I will support the Constitution of the United States and of this State, so long as I shall continue a citizen thereof. So Help Me God." Alternative affirmation. "I do swear, that I will faithfully discharge, to the best of my abilities, the duties incumbent on me as according to the Constitution and laws of the State. So Help Me God." Provided, that an affirmation in the above forms may be substituted, when the person shall be conscientiously scrupulous of taking and subscribing an oath.> 1993ME001

West Virginia (March 12, 1994) passed into law Senate Bill No. 42, signed by Governor Gaston Caperton, which prevents censorship of historical documents because of religious content.

Sponsored by West Virginia State Senators Tony Whitlow, Anderson, Miller, Claypole, Ross and Hemlick, this bill was also endorsed by the West Virginia chapter of the National Society of Colonial Dames of America:

<Enrolled

Committee Substitute for Senate Bill No. 42

Senators Whitlow, Anderson, Miller, Claypole, Ross, and Hemlick) [Passed March 12, 1994; in effect ninety days from passage.]

AN ACT to amend Article 5, chapter eighteen of the code of West Virginia, one thousand nine hundred thirty-one, as amended, by adding thereto a new section, designated section forty-one, relating to county boards of education; prohibiting the prohibition by county school boards of certain documents based solely on religious references; definitions; and criteria.

Be it enacted by the Legislature of West Virginia:

That Article V, chapter eighteen of the code of West Virginia, one thousand nine hundred thirty-one, as amended, be amended by adding thereto a new section, designated section forty-one, to read as follows: Article V. County Board of Education.

Section 18-5-41. Content based censorship of American history prohibited.

No county board of education shall prohibit the use as an educational resource or teaching device any historical document related to the founding of the United States of America or any government publication solely because the document contains a religious reference or references: Provided, That the use of such material must serve a bona fide secular educational purpose which does not advance or inhibit a religion or particular religious belief.
(1) As used in subsection (a) of this section, the term "historical document related to the founding of the United States of America" shall include, but not be limited to, such documents as the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution.

(2) As used in subsection (a) of this section, the term "government publication" shall include, but not be limited to, such documents as decisions of the United States Supreme Court and Acts of Congress.

(c) In determining the purpose of the use of a document containing a reference to a deity or a religion, consideration shall be given to the overall context of the document's use.> 1994WV001

At the signing of the bill into law, Governor Gaston Caperton declared:

<This bill prevents censorship of historical documents based of religious references. Educational devices such as the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States will remain in West Virginia classrooms. Students in our state should have the opportunity...and the privilege...to study those documents that led to the foundation and tradition of our country.> 1994WV002

Virginia Proclamation (March 13, 1994) signed by Governor George Allen declaring March 13-March 19, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<WHEREAS, The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Virginia states "That religion or the duty which we owe to our creator, and the manner of discharging it, can be directed only by reason and conviction; not by force or violence; and, therefore, all men are equally entitled to the free exercise of religion, according to the dictates of conscience; and that it is the mutual duty of all to practice Christian forbearance, love, and charity towards each other;" and

WHEREAS, George Washington enunciated "animated alone by the pure spirit of Christianity, and conducting ourselves as the faithful subjects of our free government, we may enjoy every temporal and spiritual felicity;" and

WHEREAS, James Madison, father of the U.S. Constitution, advocated "the diffusion of the light of Christianity in our nation" in his Memorial and Remonstrance; and

WHEREAS, Patrick Henry quoted Proverbs 14:34 for our nation: "Righteousness alone can exalt a nation, but sin is a disgrace to any people;" and

WHEREAS, these, and many other truly great men and women of America, giants in the structuring of American history, were Christian statesmen of calibre and integrity who did not hesitate to express their faith;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, George Allen, Governor, do hereby recognize March 13-19, 1994 as CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK, in the Commonwealth of Virginia, and I call this observance to the attention of all our citizens.

George Allen, Governor

Betsy Davis Beamer, Secretary of the Commonwealth.> 1994VA001

Indiana Proclamation (April 18, 1994) signed by Governor Evan Bayh declaring November 20-26, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week". (A similar Proclamation was also signed October 12, 1993):

<WHEREAS, Religious holidays, festivals and celebrations add to the cultural mosaic of our state; and

WHEREAS, Churches are a functional part of the many communities in our state, often providing charitable assistance to those in need;

WHEREAS, Thanksgiving week is a fitting time to center attention on the religious heritage of our state;

THEREFORE, I, Evan Bayh, Governor of the State of Indiana, do hereby proclaim November 20-26, 1994, as

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

in the state of Indiana.

In Testimony Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused to be affixed the Great Seal of the State of Indiana at the Capitol in Indianapolis on this 18th day of April, 1994.

Evan Bayh

By The Governor: Evan Bayh Governor of Indiana

Attest: Joseph H. Hogsett

Secretary of State.> 1994IN001

California Supreme Court (May 16, 1994) delivered a landmark 6-1 decision giving California one of the toughest fetal murder laws in the nation. In the majority opinion, Chief Justice Malcolm Lucas stated:

<The third-party killing of a fetus with malice aforethought is murder...as long as the state can show that the fetus has progressed beyond the embryonic stage of seven to eight weeks.> 1994CA001

Alaska Proclamation (August 3, 1994) signed by Governor Walter J. Hickel declaring November 20-November 26, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<Alaska has been richly blessed in natural beauty, reflecting God's miracle of creation. The importance of our Christian heritage to the traditions and values of our state is immeasurable. Religious holidays, festivals, and celebrations add to the cultural and spiritual mosaic of our state and nation.

The Christian faith has been historically documented as a foundational influence on the inception, formation, structure, and culture of our nation. It is important that our children learn the complete history of our nation, including the historical Christian heritage, from the establishment of our nation to the present date. It is recorded in the accomplishments of such renowned individuals as Christopher Columbus, William Bradford, George Washington, John Hancock, Abigail Adams, Noah Webster, Abraham Lincoln, and Woodrow Wilson.

The community Christian church also serves a vital function in binding folks together and providing crucial education and charitable services. Teaching future generations of our state the all important role of Christian heritage is of concern to citizens of all faiths.

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Walter J. Hickel, Governor of the State of Alaska, do hereby proclaim November 20-26, 1994, as:

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

and encourage all Alaskans to reflect upon this foundation of our nation.

Dated: August 3, 1994

Done by Walter J. Hickel, Governor,

who has also authorized the seal of the State of Alaska to be affixed to this proclamation.> 1994AK001

New Mexico Proclamation (August 4, 1994) signed by Governor Bruce King declaring October 16-October 22, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week." (Similar Proclamations were signed August 31, 1993 and September 25, 1991):

<WHEREAS, The Governor of the State of New Mexico desires to recognize and commemorate the Christian Heritage of the United States of America; and

WHEREAS, It is important that our children learn the complete history of our nation, including the historical Christian Heritage, from the establishment of our nation to the present date; and

WHEREAS, The citizens of our great state and nation may be fully educated about the Christian Heritage of our nation through the voluntary exercise of their constitutional right to the freedom of educational choice; and

WHEREAS, The Christian faith has been historically documented as a foundational influence on the inception, formation, structure and culture of our nation;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Bruce King, Governor of the State of New Mexico, do hereby proclaim October 16 through 22, 1994, as:

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

In New Mexico, Attest

Stephanie Gonzales, Secretary of State

Done at the Executive office this 4th day of August, 1994. Witness my hand and the Great Seal

Of the State of New Mexico.

Bruce King, Governor.> 1994NM001

Mississippi Proclamation (August 24, 1994) signed by Governor Kirk Fordice declaring November 20-November 26, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week.” (A similar Proclamation was also signed August 23, 1993.):

<WHEREAS, In 1994, we again reflect on the goals set forth in past years to understand and recapture our Christian Heritage and to reestablish our original freedom of religious concepts; and...

WHEREAS, James Madison also advocated, "The diffusion of the light of Christianity in our nation" in his Memorial and Remonstrance; and

WHEREAS, Let us now refrain from excluding from our teachings, our textbooks and our thoughts the importance of religious values and activities in America's private, public and political life; and

WHEREAS, May we also remember the words in the Declaration of Independence when the Framers noted, "And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor":

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Kirk Fordice, Governor of the State of Mississippi, hereby proclaim November 20 through November 26, 1994,

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

in the State of Mississippi and encourage our citizens to join in remembering that individual faith is the power that inspires men of goodwill to lay foundations and to pursue noble goals for themselves and their country.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Great Seal of the State of Mississippi to be affixed.

DONE at the Capitol, in the City of Jackson, August 24, 1994, in the two hundred and nineteenth year of the United States of America.

Kirk Fordice, Governor

By the Governor, D.M., Secretary of State.> 1994MS001

Alabama Proclamation (September 28, 1994) signed by Governor Jim Folsom declaring November 20-November 26, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week." (Similar Proclamations were also signed by Governor Jim Folsom on August 13, 1993; and by Governor Guy Hunt on December 23, 1992):

<WHEREAS, the Preamble to the state Constitution says "We, the people of the State of Alabama, in order to establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and to our posterity, invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God, do ordain and establish the following Constitution and form of government for the State of Alabama"; and

WHEREAS, Benjamin Franklin, at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 said, "It is impossible to build an empire without our Father's aid. I believe the sacred writings which say that 'Except the Lord build the house, they labor in vain that build it'" (Psalm 127:1); and

WHEREAS, James Madison, father of the U.S. Constitution, advocated "the diffusion of the light of Christianity in our nation" in his memorial and remonstrance; and

WHEREAS, Patrick Henry quoted Proverbs 14:34 for our nation: "Righteousness alone can exalt a nation, but sin is a disgrace to any people"; and

WHEREAS, George Mason, in his Virginia Declaration of Rights, forerunner to our U.S. Bill of Rights, affirmed: "That it is the mutual duty of all to practice Christian forbearance, love and charity toward each other"; and WHEREAS, these and many other great men and women of America, giants in the structuring of American history, were Christian statesmen of caliber and integrity who did not hesitate to express their faith:

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Jim Folsom, Governor of the State of Alabama, do hereby proclaim November 20-26, 1994, as

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

in Alabama.

Given Under My Hand, and the Great Seal of the Governor's Office at the State Capitol in the City of Montgomery on this the 28th day of September, 1994.

Jim Folsom, Governor.> 1994AL001

Iowa Proclamation (October 4, 1994) signed by Governor Terry E. Branstad declaring November 20-November 26, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week.” (A similar Proclamation was also signed on March 31, 1992):

<WHEREAS, Our state has been richly blessed in natural beauty, reflecting God's miracle of creation; and

WHEREAS, The importance of Christian Heritage to the traditions and values of our state is immeasurable; and

WHEREAS, Religious holidays, festivals and celebrations have brought welcome respite from weary labor, as well as renewed respect and meaning for nature's seasons of change; and

WHEREAS, The community church serves a vital function in binding folk together and providing crucial education and charitable services; and

WHEREAS, Teaching future generations of our state the all important role of Christian Heritage is of crucial concern to citizens of all faiths:

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Terry E. Branstad, Governor of the State of Iowa, do hereby proclaim November 20-November 26, 1994, as

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK'

in Iowa, in recognition of our religious heritage,

In Testimony Whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name and caused the Great Seal of the State of Iowa to be affixed. Done at Des Moines this 4th day of October in the Year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred ninety-four.

Terry E. Branstad, Governor

Attest Elaine Baxter, Secretary of State> 1994IA001

Idaho Proclamation (March 23, 1992) signed by Governor Cecil D. Andrus declaring October 16-22 as "Christian Heritage Week." (a similar Proclamation was signed March 23, 1992):

<WHEREAS, the Preamble to the Constitution of the State of Idaho declares that "We, the people of the State of Idaho, grateful to Almighty God for our freedom, to secure its blessings and promote our common welfare do establish this Constitution."; and

WHEREAS, Idaho has been richly blessed in natural beauty, reflecting God's miracle of creation; and the importance of our Christian Heritage to the traditions and values of Idaho is immeasurable; and

WHEREAS, the Christian Heritage of our nation is recognized in the writings and accomplishments of our citizens and in public documents and utterances made by many prominent Americans including Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Patrick Henry; and

WHEREAS, the history of Christian faith and traditions of our people is reflected in practices in our public institutions and by our government officials; and

WHEREAS, the importance of our Christian Heritage to our institutions' values and vision is invaluable, and teaching future generations the all-important role of Christian Heritage is meaningful to peoples of all faiths, with our community churches serving a vital function in binding citizens together and providing crucial education and charitable services; and

WHEREAS, it is appropriate to set aside a specific time for celebrating our Christian Heritage;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Cecil D. Andrus, Governor of the State of Idaho, do hereby proclaim October 16 through 22, 1994, to be

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

in Idaho, and I encourage our citizens to acknowledge and appreciate the religious heritage of our great state and nation and to observe this week with appropriate ceremonies, activities and programs.

In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused to be affixed the Great Seal of the State of Idaho at the Capitol of Boise.

Cecil D. Andrus, Governor

Pete T. Cenarrusa, Secretary of State> 1994IA002

Kentucky Proclamation (November 18, 1994) signed by Governor Brereton C. Jones declaring November 20-November 26, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<WHEREAS, The Pilgrim fathers, in the Mayflower Compact, America's first written constitution, made a Covenant with Almighty God to "form a civil body politic" "for the glory of God and the advancement of the Christian faith;" and

WHEREAS, Our Founding Fathers recognized that obedience to our Sovereign Lord was the key to national prosperity, and security, and

WHEREAS, The Lord of Glory is recognized in all fifty state constitutions as the Chief Cornerstone of civil government and of all other American institutions, and

WHEREAS, Abraham Lincoln in his great prayer proclamation said, "it is the duty of nations to own their dependence on the overruling power of God" and, "That those nations only are blessed whose God is the Lord," and

WHEREAS, George Washington in the first Thanksgiving proclamation said, "It is the duty of all nations to acknowledge this Providence of Almighty God, to obey His Will, to be grateful for His benefits, and humbly implore His protection, and favor...," and

WHEREAS, We reckon time in the Western World and in the United States from the birth of the Son of God (ANNO DOMINI-IN THE YEAR OF OUR LORD), and

WHEREAS, The Commonwealth of Kentucky has made notable contributions to the preserving of our Christian heritage and our constitutional republic,

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Brereton C. Jones, Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, do hereby proclaim November 20-26, in the Year of our Lord 1994 as

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

in Kentucky, and call on the citizens of the Commonwealth, in the words of Samuel Adams, "To Restore The Sovereign," to acknowledge His Providence and to make supplication to the Great Ruler of nations for forgiveness of our transgressions and to declare that the LORD IS GOD, and commanded in the Holy Scriptures, and to affirm with Patrick Henry, that we must be "faithful to the Majesty on High which (we) revere above all earthly kings."

DONE AT THE CAPITOL, in the City of Frankfort, this Thanksgiving Day, the 18th day of November, in the year of our Lord, One Thousand Nine Hundred Ninety-four and in the Two Hundred and Third of the Commonwealth.

Brereton C. Jones, Governor

Bob Babbage, Secretary of State.> 1994KY001

South Carolina Proclamation (November 20, 1994) signed by Governor Carroll A. Campbell, Jr. declaring November 20-November 26, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week." (A similar Proclamation was signed November 21, 1993.):

<WHEREAS, We each have been richly blessed by The Almighty whose divine providence our founding fathers sought as they established these United States of America as a free and independent nation; and

WHEREAS, the contributions of faith and traditions of our people are often reflected in the prayers offered preceding each day's opening of Congress and the General Assembly of this state; and

WHEREAS, The importance of our Christian Heritage to the institutions, values and vision of our nation is immeasurable; and

WHEREAS, Our Christian Heritage is further reflected by our people and our leaders, past and present, in our individual and collective efforts as a nation of peacekeepers and peacemakers to provide for other people, both in America and abroad, by providing humanitarian assistance to our fellow men, women and children; and

WHEREAS, It is appropriate to recognize the Pilgrims' first Thanksgiving for God's providence as a special time and reason for celebrating our nation's Christian heritage.

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Carroll A. Campbell, Jr., Governor of the State of South Carolina, do hereby proclaim November 20-26, 1994, as

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

in South Carolina.

Carroll A. Campbell, Jr., Governor

State of South Carolina, Office of the Governor.> 1994SC001

Illinois Proclamation (February 1, 1995) signed by Governor Jim Edgar declaring November 19-25, 1995, as "Christian Heritage Week.” (Similar Proclamations were also signed April 5, 1994; June 24, 1993):

<WHEREAS, religious holidays, festivals, and celebrations add to the cultural mosaic of our state; and

WHEREAS, churches are a functional part of the communities in our state, often providing charitable assistance to our citizens; and

WHEREAS, Thanksgiving week is an appropriate time to center attention on the religious heritage of our state and nation;

THEREFORE, I, Jim Edgar, Governor of the State of Illinois, proclaim November 19-25, 1995, as CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK in Illinois.

In Witness Whereof, I hereunto set my hand and caused the Great Seal of the State of Illinois to be affixed. Done at the Capital, in the City of Springfield, this first day of February, in the Year of Our Lord one thousand nine hundred and ninety-five, and of the State of Illinois, the one hundred and seventy-seventh.

Jim Edgar, Governor

George H. Ryan, Secretary of State.> 1995IL001

West Virginia Proclamation (February 10, 1995) signed by Governor Gaston Caperton declaring November 19-November 25, 1993, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<WHEREAS, West Virginia is richly blessed in natural beauty and natural resources, reflecting God's miracle of creation; and,

WHEREAS, the Bill of Rights to the Constitution of West Virginia and the United States guarantees freedom of religious speech and worship to all citizens of the Mountain State; and

WHEREAS, for many West Virginians, life in the one-room schoolhouse began with a daily Pledge of Allegiance, prayer, and Bible reading; and

WHEREAS, Psalm 127:1 warns, Except the Lord build the house, they labour in vain that build it: except the Lord keep the city, the watchman waketh but in vain; and

NOW, THEREFORE, Be it Resolved that I, Gaston Caperton, Governor of the State of West Virginia, do hereby proclaim November 19, 1995, through November 25, 1995, as:

"CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK"

in West Virginia and encourage our citizens to acknowledge and appreciate the religious heritage of our great state and nation.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Great Seal of the State of West Virginia to be affixed.

DONE at the Capitol City of Charleston, State of West Virginia, this the tenth day of February, in the year of our Lord, One Thousand Nine Hundred Ninety-five and in the One Hundred Thirty-second year of the State.

Gaston Caperton, Governor By the Governor

Ken Hechler, Secretary of State.> 1995WV001

Louisiana Proclamation (March 20, 1995) signed by Governor Edwin W. Edwards declaring November 19-November 25, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week.” (Similar Proclamations were also signed March 23, 1994; June 30, 1993):

<WHEREAS, throughout the history of our country, prayer has been recognized by our leaders in times of war and peace as a vital part of maintaining a strong national character, and necessary to procure the blessings of a just and benevolent God upon our government and people; and

WHEREAS, the first national Thanksgiving Proclamation was put forth by Samuel Adams as a "National Day of Humiliation, Fasting and Prayer" and was observed by Washington's army in the snowy fields of Valley Forge; and

WHEREAS, the observance of prayer encourages Americans to affirm our nation's spiritual roots, to acknowledge dependence on God and to enlist prayer for local, state and national leaders; and

WHEREAS, it is certainly fitting and proper that we in Louisiana observe a time where all in our communities may acknowledge our many blessings and express gratitude to God for them while recognizing the need for strengthening religious and moral values in our land; and

WHEREAS, it is important that we remember the need to stand in the grace of God every day and we should acknowledge the need to pray for our leaders in government; and

WHEREAS, a time should be set aside to focus on the wisdom of God in the heritage of the United States and the intention of our founding fathers that the counsel of God be always deeply rooted in our makeup and progress as a nation; and

NOW THEREFORE, I, Edwin W. Edwards, Governor of the State of Louisiana, do hereby proclaim November 19-25, 1994 as

CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK

in the State of Louisiana, and encourage all citizens to acknowledge and appreciate the religious heritage of our great state and nation.

In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand officially and caused to be affixed the Great Seal of the State of Louisiana at the Capital in the City of Baton Rouge, on this the 20rd day of March A.D. 1995.

Edwin W. Edwards, Governor of Louisiana

Attest By The Governor, J.K., Secretary of State.> 1995LA001

Wisconsin Proclamation (June 12, 1995) signed by Governor Tommy G. Thompson declaring November 19-November 25, 1995, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<WHEREAS, our state has been richly blessed in natural beauty, reflecting God's miracle of creation; and

WHEREAS, Christian Heritage is important to our state's traditions and values; and

WHEREAS, religious holidays, festivals, and celebrations have brought welcome respite from labor, as well as renewed respect and meaning for nature's seasons of change; and

WHEREAS, the community church serves a vital function in binding folk together and providing crucial education and charitable services; and

WHEREAS, teaching future generations of our state the all important role of Christian heritage is of concern to citizens of all faiths;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Tommy G. Thompson, Governor of the State of Wisconsin, do hereby proclaim November 19 through November 25, 1995

Christian Heritage Week

in the State of Wisconsin, and I commend this observance to all citizens.

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Great Seal of the State of Wisconsin to be affixed. Done at the Capitol in the City of Madison this twelfth day of June in the year one thousand nine hundred ninety-five.

Tommy G. Thompson, Governor

Douglas La Follette, Secretary of State.> 1995WI001

North Carolina Proclamation (August 14, 1995) signed by Governor James B. Hunt, Jr., declaring November 19-26, 1995, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<WHEREAS, the Governor of the State of North Carolina desires to recognize and commemorate the Christian Heritage of the United States of America; and

WHEREAS, the Christian Heritage of our nation is recognized in the accomplishments of such renowned individuals as Christopher Columbus, William Bradford, George Washington, John Hancock, Abigail Adams, Noah Webster, Abraham Lincoln and Woodrow Wilson, and

WHEREAS, it is important that our children learn the complete history of our nation, including the historical Christian Heritage, from the establishment of our nation to the present date; and

WHEREAS, the citizens of our great state and nation may be fully educated about the Christian Heritage of our nation through the voluntary exercise of their constitutional right to the freedom of educational choice; and

WHEREAS, the Christian faith has been historically documented as a foundational influence on the inception, formation, structure and culture of our nation;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, James B. Hunt, Governor of the State of North Carolina, do hereby proclaim November 19-26, 1995, as "Christian Heritage Week" in North Carolina and commend this observance to all our citizens.

James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor

In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed the Great Seal of the State of North Carolina at the Capital of Raleigh this fourteenth day of August in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and ninety-five, and of the independence of the United States of America the two hundred and nineteenth.> 1995NC001

New Jersey Proclamation (October 31, 1995) signed by Governor Christine Todd Whitman declaring November 19-November 25, 1995, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<WHEREAS, during 1995, we reflect on the goals set forth in past years to understand and recapture our Christian Heritage and to reestablish our original freedom of religious concepts; and...

WHEREAS, George Washington stated, "It is the duty of all nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to obey His will, to be grateful for His benefits, and humbly to implore His protection, aid, and favors"; and

WHEREAS, we also remember the words in the Declaration of Independence, when the Framers noted, "And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor";

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Christine Todd Whitman, Governor of the State of New Jersey, do hereby proclaim Thanksgiving Week November 19 to November 25, 1995 as

Christian Heritage Week

in New Jersey, and encourage our citizens to join in remembering that individual faith is in the power that inspires men of goodwill to lay foundations and to pursue noble goals for themselves and for their country.

Given, under my hand and the Great Seal of the State of New Jersey, this thirty-first day of October in the year of Our Lord one thousand nine hundred and ninety-five and of the Independence of the United States, the two hundred and nineteenth.

Christine Todd Whitman, Governor

By the Governor, Lonna R. Hooks, Secretary of State.> 1995NJ001

Tennessee Proclamation (November 15, 1995) signed by Governor Don Sundquist declaring November 19-November 25, 1995, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<WHEREAS, the Pilgrims, in the Mayflower Compact (1620), stated their purpose as, "...having undertaken, for the glorie of God, and advancemente of the Christian faith,...in the presence of God, and one another, covenant & combine our selves togeather into a civill body politick, for our better ordering & preservation & furtherance of the ends aforesaid;..."; and

WHEREAS, on June 21, 1776, John Adams wrote, "Statesmen, my dear Sir, may plan and speculate for liberty, but it is religion and morality alone, which can establish the principles upon which freedom can securely stand."; and

WHEREAS, our Declaration of Independence declares, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."; and

WHEREAS, on June 28, 1787, at the Constitutional Convention, Benjamin Franklin, quoting from Psalm 127:1, warned, "We have been assured, Sir, in the Sacred Writings, that 'except the Lord build the House they labour in vain that build it.'"; and

WHEREAS, the Constitution of the United States of America, in Article 1, Section 7, recognizes Sunday as a day of rest and worship; and is dated "the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of Our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven," thus measuring time from the birth of Jesus Christ (Anno Domini).; and

WHEREAS, Thomas Jefferson, while President of the United States, was also made president of the school board for Washington, D.C. public schools and authored its original plan of education in which he placed the Bible and Watt's Hymnal as two primary reading text.; and

WHEREAS, Thanksgiving week is an appropriate time to center attention on thanks to Almighty God for the "Blessings of Liberty", to ask His help in reinsuring "domestic Tranquility", and to recognize our national need to reaffirm our "reliance on the protection of divine Providence" in keeping America a free and independent Nation,

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Don Sundquist, Governor of the State of Tennessee, do hereby proclaim November 19 through November 25, 1995, as

America's Christian Heritage Week

in Tennessee, and do urge all Tennesseans to acknowledge, appreciate, and celebrate, each in their own way, America's Christian heritage.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the official seal of the State of Tennessee to be affixed at Nashville on this 15th day of November, 1995.

Don Sundquist, Governor

Riley C. Darnell, Secretary of State.> 1995TN001

Connecticut Proclamation (November 19, 1995) signed by Governor John G. Rowland declaring November 19-November 25, 1995, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<WHEREAS, this nation has been richly blessed by The Lord God Whose Divine Providence our founding fathers sought as they established these United States of America as a free and independent nation; and

WHEREAS, as John Quincy Adams stated, "The highest glory of the American Revolution was that it connected in one indissoluble bond, the principles of civil government with the principles of Christianity"; and

WHEREAS, the Christian heritage of our nation is recognized in the writing and accomplishments of such renowned individuals as Christopher Columbus, William Bradford, George Washington, John and Abigail Adams, James Madison, Patrick Henry, Andrew Jackson, Abraham Lincoln, Woodrow Wilson, Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and countless others, and in the Constitution of the several sovereign States, and innumerable public documents and utterances; and

WHEREAS, the history of Christian faith and traditions of our people is reflected in countless practices of the institutions and officials of our government, such as prayer and Scripture reading preceding each and every session of Congress, from its inception until this day; and

WHEREAS, the importance of our Christian heritage to the institutions, values and vision of our nation is immeasurable, and teaching our children about the wisdom and spiritual values of our historical Christian heritage is vital to the preservation of the Republic and the longevity of the nation; and

WHEREAS, it is entirely appropriate to recognize the Pilgrims' First Thanksgiving for God's Providence as a special time and reason for celebrating our nation's Christian heritage; now

THEREFORE, I, John G. Rowland, Governor of the State of Connecticut, do hereby officially designate November 19-25 as Christian Heritage Week in the State of Connecticut.

John G. Rowland, Governor.> 1995CT001

New York Proclamation (November 19, 1995)

signed by Governor George E. Pataki declaring November 19-November 25, 1995, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<The Christian heritage of our nation is recognized in the writings and accomplishments of our citizens and in public documents and utterances made by many prominent Americans, including Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and Patrick Henry.

The history of the Christian faith and traditions of our people is reflected in practices in our public institutions and by our government officials.

The importance of our Christian heritage to our institutions' values and vision is invaluable and teaching future generations the all-important role of Christian heritage is meaningful to peoples of all faiths, with our churches serving a vital function in binding citizens together and providing crucial education and charitable services.

Thanksgiving week, traditionally a time to give thanks for our many blessings, has been designated as a time to celebrate Christian heritage.

NOW, THEREFORE, I, George E. Pataki, Governor of the State of New York, do hereby recognize November 19-25, 1995 as

Christian Heritage Week

George E. Pataki, Governor.> 1995NY001

Michigan Proclamation (July 1, 1996) signed by Governor John Engler declaring November 24-November 30, 1996, as "Christian Heritage Week." (A similar Proclamation was issued April 7, 1994):

<WHEREAS, The State of Michigan has been blessed with beautiful rivers, lakes, fields, forests, and a people who-through hard work and intellectual effort and toil-have made cultural, industrial, agricultural, and educational advancements for the enrichment of life for our citizens; and

WHEREAS, in addition to having many blessings for which to be thankful, our society is also faced with difficult challenges, international unrest, and uncertain and changing times which test our working people and challenge their beliefs; and

WHEREAS, CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK provides us with the opportunity to contemplate the numerous challenges that we, as a society and a nation, face here as home and throughout the world, and to rededicate ourselves to eradicating the tragedies of homelessness, poverty, violence, war and international conflicts; and

WHEREAS, the observance of Christian Heritage Week encourages Americans to affirm our nation's spiritual roots and is a time to renew and inspire the joy we find in our faith, friends, family, and community members

WHEREAS, It is eminently fitting and proper that we observe CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK as a special time to acknowledge our many blessings and express gratitude to God, while recognizing the need for strengthening religious and moral values in our land;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, John Engler, Governor of the State of Michigan, do hereby declare November 24-30, 1996, as CHRISTIAN HERITAGE WEEK in Michigan, and I encourage the citizens of the Great Lakes States to recognize the importance of Christian beliefs and values to the life and culture of our state and nation.

Given under my hand on this first day of July in the year of Our Lord one thousand nine hundred and ninety-six and of the Commonwealth one hundred and fifty-nine.

John Engler, Governor.> 1996MI001

Mississippi Proclamation (July 23, 1996) signed by Governor Kirk Fordice declaring November 24-November 30, 1996, as "Christian Heritage Week.” (A similar Proclamation was also signed November 16, 1995.):

<WHEREAS, the State of Mississippi is richly blessed in natural beauty and superb resources, reflecting God's miracle of creation; and

WHEREAS, the writings of the Founding Fathers of this nation, as well as the writings and speeches of those who have led our nation in times of war and peace, clearly demonstrate a consistent and fervent belief in God and the blessings that accrue from Christian beliefs and ideals; and

WHEREAS, the Declaration of Independence declares: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness": and the Declaration of Independence closes: "And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor"; and

WHEREAS, it has been noted that in his farewell address, George Washington advised: "Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports." And, John Quincy Adams observed, "The highest glory of the American Revolution was this: It connected, in one indissoluble bond, the principles of civil government with the principles of Christianity" (Letter from Plymouth Rock, September 1990); and WHEREAS, the Bible tells us, "If My people who are called by My Name will humble themselves, and pray and seek My face, and turn from their wicked ways, then I will hear from heaven, and will forgive their sin and heal their land" (IIChronicles 7:14):

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Kirk Fordice, Governor of the State of Mississippi, hereby proclaim the week of Thanksgiving, November 24 through November 30, 1996,

America's Christian Heritage Week

in the State of Mississippi and encourage our citizens to partake of and participate in this time of joy with appropriate celebrations, ceremonies, and prayer. May God bless this state, and may God bless the United States of America.

In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Great Seal of the State of Mississippi to be affixed.

Done in the City of Jackson, July 23, 1996, in the two hundred and twenty-first year of the United States of America.

Kirk Fordice, Governor.> 1996MS001

Kentucky Proclamation (August 1, 1996) signed by Governor Paul E. Patton declaring November 24-November 30, 1996, as "Christian Heritage Week”:

<WHEREAS, We the people of the Commonwealth of Kentucky are grateful to Almighty God for the civil, political, and religious liberties, we enjoy; and

WHEREAS, Our Christian heritage provides an important context for understanding our past which is the key to planning our future; and

WHEREAS, Abraham Lincoln in his great prayer proclamation said, "It is the duty of nations to own their dependence on the overruling power of God" and, "That those nations only are blessed whose God is the Lord"; and

WHEREAS, The birth of Christian camp meetings is believed to have started in 1799 in the Commonwealth of Kentucky; and

WHEREAS, Celebrations of Thanksgiving from the earliest times signified the centrality to Christian society of perseverance in the face of adversity; and

WHEREAS, The Commonwealth of Kentucky has made notable contributions to the preserving of our Christian heritage and our constitutional republic.

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Paul E. Patton, Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, do hereby proclaim November 24-30, 1996 as

America's Christian Heritage Week in Kentucky.

Done at the Capitol, in the City of Frankfort, this the 1st day of August, in the year of Our Lord One Thousand Nine Hundred Ninety-six and in the 205th year of the Commonwealth.

Paul E. Patton, Governor

John Y. Brown, Secretary of State.> 1996KY001

Arkansas Proclamation (August 21, 1996) signed by Governor Mike Huckabee declaring November 24-November 30, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<WHEREAS, Arkansas is richly blessed in natural beauty and natural resources, reflecting God's miracle of creation; and

WHEREAS, for many Arkansans, life in the one-room schoolhouse began with a daily Pledge of Allegiance, prayer and Bible reading; and

WHEREAS, the Preamble to the Constitution of Arkansas declares, "We, the people of the State of Arkansas, grateful to Almighty God for the privilege of choosing our own form of government, for our civil and religious liberty,...do ordain and establish this Constitution"; and

WHEREAS, our Christian heritage is seen daily in the character and lives of our citizens and by the many churches throughout the Natural State; and

WHEREAS, steadfast faith sustained our forefathers' survival through years of hardship, isolation and suffering; and

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Mike Huckabee, acting under the authority vested in me as Governor of the State of Arkansas, do hereby proclaim November 24-30, 1996 as

"America's Christian Heritage Week"

in the State of Arkansas and encourage all citizens to acknowledge and appreciate the heritage of our great state and nation.

IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Great Seal of the State of Arkansas to be affixed this 21st day of August, in the year of our Lord 1996.

Mike Huckabee, Governor

Sharon Priest, Secretary of State.> 1996AR001

Maryland Proclamation (November 24, 1996) signed by Governor Parris N. Glendening declaring November 24-November 30, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<WHEREAS, The United States has a glorious history of religious freedom, extending from our founding fathers to modern times...and, Christians have been a strong influence in our nation and our government ever since the start; and

WHEREAS, Steadfast faith sustained our forefathers' survival through years of hardship, isolation and suffering; and

WHEREAS, On June 21, 1776, John Adams wrote, "Statesmen, my dear Sir, may plan and speculate for liberty, but it is religion and morality alone, which can establish the principles upon which freedom can securely stand"; and

WHEREAS, Thanksgiving week is an appropriate time to center attention on thanks for the blessings our nation has received and remember how much Christians have helped our nation reach its current majestic status.

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Parris N. Glendening, Governor of the State of Maryland, do hereby proclaim November 24-30, 1996 as America's Christian Heritage Week in Maryland, and do commend this observance to all of our citizens.

Given under my hand and the Great Seal of the State of Maryland this 24th day of November One Thousand Nine Hundred and Ninety-six.

Parris N. Glendening, Governor

John J. Willis, Secretary of State.> 1996MD001

Mississippi (March 23, 2001) Governor Ronnie Musgrove signed a bill into law requiring public schools to display the U.S. National Motto "In God We Trust," which was approved by Congress in 1956 and appears on U.S. currency. In spite of threats by the ACLU, Governor Ronnie Musgrove signed the bill, stating:

<Our nation was founded as a godly nation and we put it on our money, "In God We Trust."> 2001MS001

West Virginia Proclamation (June 6, 2001)signed by Governor Bob Wise declaring November 18-24, 2001, as "Christian Heritage Week":

<Whereas, the Preamble to the Constitution of West Virginia declares, "Since through Divine Providence we enjoy the blessings of civil, political and religious liberty, we, the people of West Virginia...reaffirm our faith in and constant reliance upon God..."; and,

Whereas, the Bill of Rights to the Constitution of West Virginia guarantees freedom of religious speech and worship to all citizens, and Article 7 Chapter 14 recognizes Sunday as a day of rest and worship; and,

Whereas, for many West Virginians, public school days began with a daily Pledge of Allegiance, prayer and Bible reading; and,

Whereas, the state song, The West Virginia Hills, contains the lyrics, "With their summits bathed in glory, Like our Prince Immanuel's land!"; and,

Whereas, our Christian heritage is seen daily in the character and lives of our citizens and by the many churches throughout the Mountain State; and,

Whereas, Thanksgiving week is an appropriate time to center attention on our thanks to Almighty God for His great and good Providence and for the Christian faith, which is part of West Virginia's and America's history;

Now, Therefore, Be it resolved that I, Bob Wise, Governor of the State of West Virginia, do hereby proclaim November 18-24, 2001, as:

Christian Heritage Week

in the Mountain State and encourage all citizens to acknowledge, appreciate and celebrate each in their own way the heritage of our great state where our motto is Mountaineers Are Always Free.

In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Great Seal of the State of West Virginia to be affixed.

Done in the Capitol City of Charleston, State of West Virginia, this Sixth day of June, in the year of our Lord, Two Thousand One, and in the One Hundred Thirty-eighth year of the State.

Bob Wise, Governor

By the Governor: Joe Manchin III, Secretary of State> 2001WV001

United States Congress (September 13, 2001) House Majority Leader Dick Army issued the following statement regarding a House joint resolution condemning the terrorist attacks against the United States:

<America was attacked by an evil, cowardly act of war against the lovers of freedom across this globe.

And it is because of the goodness of the American people that we find it impossible to understand these acts of barbarism.

But we do understand some things-the heartbreak of the families of the victims who lost their lives.

And we come together as a nation with empathy. Our hearts cry out against the loss, the injustice, and the mindlessness.

As a nation, we understand the dramatic heroism of the firemen and policemen who rushed in to help. We understand freedom, justice, and most of all security.

And we say to those who committed these crimes, you will be found, and you will be made to pay. We will stand together with the great nations in this world who love civilization, democracy, and we know they'll stand with us.

We will stand against tyranny, as we've done in the past. Do not underestimate our resolve. We are a country who loved freedom so much we risked its peace to defend the freedom of others. We will be vindicated by a world where people are allowed to be free.> 2001US001

United States Congress (October 16, 2001) the U.S. Congress passed House Resolution 248 by a margin of 404-0, urging public schools to display the expression of "God Bless America" as a show of support for the nation. This was in response to several cases around the country where people have objected to displaying the words at schools, saying that religion and patriotism should not be intermixed.

The resolution's sponsor, freshman Rep. Henry Brown, R-S.C., recalled standing on the steps of the evacuated Capitol building on the evening of Sept. 11, and joining Rep. Dana Rohrabacher (CA-45th) and other lawmakers in singing "God Bless America."

Rep. Henry Brown stated:

<To threaten a public school for showing the same type of patriotism that we all showed on the Capitol steps is the opposite of what this country is all about.> 2001US002

According to the Associated Press, Brown mentioned a dispute in Rocklin, CA., northeast of Sacramento, where the northern California chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union, on behalf of the parent of a student, asked an elementary school to substitute the American flag for a sign saying "God Bless America." The ACLU, in a statement, said the child felt upset and excluded by the religious tenor of the message. The Rocklin school district refused the request, citing a California Supreme Court decision that found the phrase to be a traditional, patriotic phrase that did not violate constitutional separations of church and state. The national ACLU did not comment on the House vote.

House Congressional Resolution 248 states:

<107th CONGRESS, 1st Session, H. CON. RES. 248, CONCURRENT

RESOLUTION, Expressing the sense of the Congress that public schools may display the words "God Bless America" as an expression of support for the Nation.

Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), That it is the sense of the Congress that public schools may display the words "God Bless America" as an expression of support for the Nation.

Passed the House of Representatives October 16, 2001. Attest: Clerk.> 2001US003

United States Congress (November 16, 2001) both Houses of Congress passed Senate Congressional Resolution 83:

<One Hundred Seventh Congress of the United States of America AT THE FIRST SESSION

Begun and held at the City of Washington on Wednesday, the third day of January, two thousand and one Concurrent Resolution, Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring),

SECTION 1. USE OF ROTUNDA OF THE CAPITOL.

The rotunda of the Capitol is authorized to be used at any time on November 27, 2001, or December 4, 2001, for a National Day of Reconciliation where:

the 2 Houses of Congress shall assemble in the rotunda with the Chaplain of the House of Representatives and the Chaplain of the Senate in attendance; and
during this assembly, the Members of the 2 Houses may gather to humbly seek the blessings of Providence for forgiveness, reconciliation, unity, and charity for all people of the United States, thereby assisting the Nation to realize its potential as-

the champion of hope;
the vindicator of the defenseless; and
the guardian of freedom.

SEC. 2. PHYSICAL PREPARATIONS FOR THE ASSEMBLY.

Physical preparations for the assembly shall be carried out in accordance with such conditions as the Architect of the Capitol may prescribe.

Attest: Secretary of the Senate.

Attest: Clerk of the House of Representatives.> 2001US004

Maryland Constitution (November 5, 2002):

<PREAMBLE. We, the People of the State of Maryland, grateful to Almighty God for our civil and religious liberty, and taking into our serious consideration the best means of establishing a good Constitution of this State for the sure foundation and more permanent security thereof, declare...

ARTICLE 24. That Slavery shall not be re-established in this State; but having been abolished under the policy and authority of the United States, compensation, in consideration thereof, is due from the United States...

ARTICLE 36. That as it is the duty of every man to worship God in such manner as he thinks most acceptable to Him, all persons are equally entitled to protection in their religious liberty; wherefore, no person ought by any Law to be molested in his person or estate, on account of his religious persuasion, or profession, or for his religious practice, unless, under the color of religion, he shall disturb the good order, peace or safety of the State, or shall infringe the laws of morality, or injure others in their natural, civil or religious rights; nor ought any person to be compelled to frequent, or maintain, or contribute, unless on contract, to maintain, any place of worship, or any Ministry; nor shall any person, otherwise competent, be deemed incompetent as a witness, or juror, on account of his religious belief;

provided, he believes in the existence of God, and that under His dispensation such person will beheld morally accountable for his acts, and be rewarded or punished therefore either in this world or in the world to come.

ARTICLE 37. That no religious test ought ever to be required as a qualification for any office of profit or trust in this State, other than a declaration of belief in the existence of God; nor shall the Legislature prescribe any other oath of office than the oath prescribed by this Constitution.

ARTICLE 38. That every gift, sale or devise of land to any Minister, Public Teacher or Preacher of the Gospel, as such, or to any Religious sect, Order or Denomination, or to, or for the support, use or benefit of, or in trust for, any Minister, Public Teacher or Preacher of the Gospel, as such, or any Religious sect, Order or Denomination; and every gift or sale of goods, or chattels, to go in succession, or to take place after the death of the Seller or Donor, to or for such support, use or benefit; and also every devise of goods or chattels to or for the support, use or benefit of any Minister, Public Teacher or Preacher of the Gospel, as such, or any Religious sect, Order or Denomination, without the prior or subsequent sanction of the Legislature, shall be void;

except always, any sale, gift, lease or devise of any quantity of land, not exceeding five acres, for a Church, meeting-house, or other house of worship, or parsonage, or for a burying ground, which shall be improved, enjoyed, or used only for such purpose; or such sale, gift, lease, or devise shall be void. Provided, however, that except in so far as the General Assembly shall hereafter by law otherwise enact, the consent of the Legislature shall not be required to any gift, grant, deed, or conveyance executed after the 2nd day of November, 1 948, or to any devise or bequest contained in the will of any person dying after said 2nd day of November, 1948 for any of the purposes hereinabove in this Article mentioned.

ARTICLE 39. That the manner of administering an oath or affirmation to any person, ought to be such as those of the religious persuasion, profession, or denomination, of which he is a member, generally esteem the most effectual confirmation by the attestation of the Divine Being.

ELECTIVE FRANCHISE, ARTICLE 1, SECTION 2. No person above

the age of twenty-one years, convicted of larceny, or other infamous crime, unless pardoned by the Governor, shall ever thereafter be entitled to vote at any election in this State; and no person under guardianship, as a lunatic, or, as a person non composmentis, shall be entitled to vote.> 2002MD001

Delaware Legal Code Annotated (2006):

<TITLE 10, CHAPTER 53. OATHS, Subchapter II. Procedure and Form of Oaths, SECTION 5321. Method of administering. The usual oath in this State shall be by swearing upon the Holy Evangels of Almighty God. The person to whom an oath is administered shall lay his or her right hand upon the book. (Code 1852, § 2359; Code 1915, § 4245; Code 1935, § 4715; 10 Del. C.

1953, § 5321; 70 Del. Laws, c. 186, § 1.)

SECTION 5322. Uplifted hand. A person may be permitted to swear with the uplifted hand; that is to say, a person shall lift up his or her right hand and swear by the ever living God, the searcher of all hearts, that etc., and at the end of the oath shall say, "as I shall answer to God at the Great Day." (Code 1852, § 2360; Code 1915, § 4247; Code 1935, § 4717; 10 Del. C. 1953, § 5322;

70 Del. Laws, c. 186, § 1.)

SECTION 5324. Non-Christians. A person believing in any other than the Christian religion, may be sworn according to the peculiar ceremonies of such person's religion, if there be any such. (Code 1852, § 2362; Code 1915, § 4249; Code 1935, § 4719; 10 Del. C. 1953, § 5324; 70 Del. Laws, c. 186, § 1.)

TITLE 27, Religion, CHAPTER 1. RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES AND

CORPORATIONS, SECTION 114. Formation of Protestant Episcopal Church corporations. The rector, wardens and vestrymen of any Protestant Episcopal Church, on certifying their name or style as provided in § 101 or 103 of this title, shall be a corporation with the franchise, rights and powers therein vested in trustees of other religious societies. (26 Del. Laws, c. 89, § 10; Code 1915, § 2173; Code 1935, § 2480; 27 Del. C. 1953, § 114.)

SECTION 115. Formation of Roman Catholic Church corporations. In every congregation of the Roman Catholic Church, the ordinary of the diocese, the pastor of the congregation for the time being, according to the practice and discipline of the Church, 1 other person annually designated by the ordinary, and 2 other persons annually elected by the members of the congregation from among their number...shall be constituted a body politic and corporate, under such title as may be assumed by the corporation, and recorded in a certificate under the hands and seals of the corporators first chosen...The certificate shall be acknowledged before any person entitled to take acknowledgments of instruments to be used in this State and recorded among the corporation records of the county wherein the congregation has or possesses a place of worship. (19 Del. Laws, c. 599, § 1; Code 1915, § 2716; Code 1935, § 2483; 27 Del. C. 1953, § 115; 59 Del. Laws, c. 29.)

SECTION 116. Additional powers of Roman Catholic Church corporations; records; pastor as president. Every Roman Catholic Church corporation, in addition to the powers now possessed by religious corporations by virtue of the laws of this State, may appoint the hour and place of the meeting at which the 2 of its members annually elected shall be chosen and the manner in which such election shall be held and shall provide a good and sufficient record book wherein shall be registered from time to time all of its proceedings, which record shall at all times be open to inspection by any member of the congregation or any ecclesiastical officer of the denomination of Christians having, according to the discipline and practice thereof, authority over the congregation or the right to be informed concerning its management and interests of the corporation.

The pastor of the congregation for the time being (if any there be) shall always be present. It may frame such rules and ordinances for the orderly conduct of Divine worship and the advancement of the interests of the congregation as a majority of the corporation may from time to time deem necessary, provided that the same shall not conflict with the constitution or laws of the United States or of this State, or with the discipline and practice of the denomination. (19 Del. Laws, c. 599, § 2; Code 1915, § 2177; Code 1935, § 2484; 27 Del. C. 1953, § 116.)

SECTION 117...(a)(1) If at any time 1 of the annually elected corporators of a Roman Catholic Church corporation dies, resigns or becomes disqualified by ceasing to be a pewholder of the Church, it shall be competent for the remaining members of the corporation to appoint a successor...

(2) If at any time the member annually appointed by the ordinary of the diocese dies or resigns, it shall be competent...to fill the vacancy in the corporation by appointing another person to serve for the remainder of the term... (19 Del. Laws, c. 599, § 3; Code 1915, § 2178; Code 1935, § 2485; 27 Del. C. 1953, § 117.)

SECTION 118...Any person...holding land...in trust for any particular Church or congregation, Church society, congregation of the denomination wherein a Roman Catholic Church corporation is formed...who conveys the same to the corporation as soon as possible after its formation under the terms of this chapter...any gift...made to any such congregation...shall inure to the benefit of the corporation...whether the corporation is or is not accurately described in such gift...provided that the intention of the donor or testator is clear that the same should inure to the benefit of the congregation. (19 Del. Laws, c. 599, § 4; Code 1915, § 2179; Code 1935, § 2486; 27 Del. C. 1953, § 118.)

TITLE 27, Religion, CHAPTER 3. SUNDAY SCHOOLS AND YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS, SECTION 301...Any 10 or more persons associated together for the promotion of the interests of Sunday schools, or as a Young Men's Christian Association for the promotion of religious knowledge and improvement, may become incorporated by the election of managers, not less than 3 nor more than 12, and by taking a corporate name and certifying the same, together with the object of the incorporation, under the hands and seals of the managers, to the Recorder of the county, who shall record such certificate. (13 Del. Laws, c. 419, § 1; Code 1915, § 2186; Code 1935, § 2493; 27 Del. C. 1953, § 301.)

TITLE 27, Religion, CHAPTER 5. SABBATH SCHOOLS, SECTION

501...In Sussex County, the teachers or persons having charge of a Sabbath school shall return to the County Council in March, annually, the manner in which any appropriation has been applied and the vouchers therefore...(Code 1852, § 703; Code 1915, § 2191; Code 1935, § 2498; 27 Del. C. 1953, § 502.)

TITLE 27, Religion, CHAPTER 7. MISCELLANEOUS

PROVISIONS, SECTION 701. Permit for religious camp meetings. No person, association of persons, Church or religious corporation shall hold or conduct a camp meeting or outdoor religious meeting without first obtaining a permit authorizing the holding of such meeting. (29 Del. Laws, c. 263, § 1; Code 1935, § 4110; 27 Del. C. 1953, § 701.)

SECTION 703 (a) Whenever application is made to the commission of any county for permission to hold a camp meeting or outdoor religious meeting, the commission shall investigate and ascertain whether or not the granting of such permit would be detrimental to the peace and good order of the community in which it is desired to hold such meeting and in making such investigation due regard shall be had to petitions or remonstrances of the citizens of such community.

(b) If...the commission is satisfied that it is proper to do so, a permit may be issued authorizing the holding of such camp meeting or outdoor religious meeting; otherwise, such permit shall be refused. Each permit so issued shall specify clearly the place and time for holding such meeting. The commissions provided for in this chapter may make such reasonable rules... in relation to the holding of camp meetings or outdoor religious meetings as they deem wise...(29 Del. Laws, c. 263, § 3; Code 1935, § 4112; 27 Del. C. 1953, § 703.)

SECTION 704...(a) Whoever holds or conducts, or assists in holding or conducting, a camp meeting or other outdoor religious meeting without first obtaining the permit...shall be fined in such amount or imprisoned...as the court in its discretion may determine. (b) No permit shall be required in order to hold a camp meeting or outdoor religious meeting within any incorporated town...(29 Del. Laws, c. 263, § 4; Code 1935, § 4113; 27 Del. C. 1953, § 704.)> 2006DE001

Connecticut (2006) religious affiliations listed in Connecticut were 83 percent Christian, consisting of:

<Baptist-10 percent

Episcopal-6 percent

Methodist-4 percent

Lutheran-4 percent

Congregational/U.Church of Christ-2

percent Other Protestant-22 percent

Catholic-34 percent

Other Christian-1 percent

Jewish-3 percent

Other Religions-1 percent

Non-Religious/Non-Reporting-13 percent> 2006CT001

Delaware (2006) religious affiliations listed in Delaware were 79 percent Christian, consisting of:

<Methodist-22 percent

Baptist-21 percent

Lutheran-4 percent

Presbyterian-3 percent

Pentacostal-3 percent

Other Protestant-15 percent

Catholic-10 percent

Other Christian-1 percent

Other Religions-2 percent

Non-Religious/Non-Reporting-19 percent> 2006DE002

Georgia (2006) religious affiliations listed in Georgia were 85 percent Christian, consisting of:

<Baptist-39 percent

Methodist-12 percent

Presbyterian-3 percent

Pentacostal-3 percent

Other Protestant-19 percent

Catholic-8 percent

Other Christian-1 percent

Other Religions-2 percent

Non-Religious/Non-Reporting-13 percent> 2006GA001

Maine (2006) religious affiliations listed in Maine were 82 percent Christian, consisting of:

<Baptist-16 percent

Methodist-9 percent

Pentacostal-6 percent

United Church of Christ-3 percent

Lutheran-3 percent

Other Protestant-18 percent

Catholic-25 percent

Other Christian-2 percent

Other Religions-1 percent

Non-Religious/Non-Reporting-17 percent> 2006ME001

Maryland (2006) religious affiliations listed in Maryland were 82 percent Christian, consisting of:

<Baptist-18 percent

Methodist-11 percent

Lutheran-5 percent

Episcopal-3 percent

Other Protestant-19 percent

Catholic-23 percent

Other Christian-3 percent

Jewish-3 percent

Other Religions-1 percent

Non-Religious/Non-Reporting-14 percent> 2006MD001

Massachusetts (2006) religious affiliations listed in Massachusetts were 79 percent Christian, consisting of:

<Congregational/Church of Christ-4 percent

Baptist-4 percent

Episcopal-3 percent

Methodist-2 percent

Pentacostal-2 percent

Other Protestant-16 percent

Catholic-47 percent

Latter-day Saint-1 percent

Unitarian-1 percent

Jewish-2 percent

Other Religions-1 percent

Non-Religious/Non-Reporting-17 percent> 2006MA001

The General Laws of Massachusetts, Part IV, Crimes, Punishments and Proceedings in Criminal Cases, Title I, Crimes Against Chastity, Morality, Decency and Good Order, Chapter 272: Section 36. Blasphemy, Section 36:

<Whoever willfully blasphemes the holy name of God by denying, cursing, or contumeliously reproaching God, his creation, government or final judging of the word, or by cursing or contumeliously reproaching Jesus Christ or the Holy Ghost, or by cursing or contumeliously reproaching or exposing to contempt and ridicule, the holy word of God contained in the holy scriptures shall be punished by imprisonment in jail for not more than one year or by a fine of not more than three hundred dollars, and may also be bound to good behavior.> 2006MA002

New Hampshire (2006) religious affiliations listed in New Hampshire were 80 percent Christian, consisting of:

<Congregational/Church of Christ-7 percent

Baptist-7 percent

Episcopal-4 percent

Methodist-3 percent

Other Protestant-22 percent

Catholic-35 percent

Other Christian-2 percent

Jewish-1 percent

Other Religions-1 percent

Non-Religious/Non-Reporting-19 percent

Churches established by the early Puritan settlers were forerunners of the modern Congregationalist Churches. While the denomination remains active, today the Methodists and Baptists are the largest Protestant denominations. The Roman Catholic Church, however, is the largest religious group, with about two-fifths of all Church members.> 2006NH001

New Jersey (2006) religious affiliations listed in New Jersey were 77 percent Christian, consisting of:

<Baptist-9 percent

Methodist-6 percent

Presbyterian-4 percent

Other Protestant-17 percent

Catholic-39 percent

Other Christian-2 percent

Jewish-6 percent

Muslim-1 percent

Other Religions, e.g. Hindu, Sikh-1 percent

Non-Religious/Non-Reporting-15 percent> 2006NJ001

New York (2006) religious affiliations listed in New York were 71.5 percent Christian, consisting of:

<Baptist 7.4 percent

Methodist 6 percent

Lutheran 3 percent

Charismatic 2.8 percent

Non-Denominational Christian 7.7 percent

Other Protestant 1.6 percent

Catholic 38.4 percent

Greek Orthodox/ Other Christian 4.4 percent

Mormon 0.2 percent

Jewish 5 percent

Islam 1.9 percent

Other Religious.Non-Reporting 11.6 percent> 2006NY001

North Carolina (2006) religious affiliations listed in North Carolina were 88 percent Christian, consisting of:

<Baptist-40 percent

Methodist-10 percent

Presbyterian-3 percent

Other Protestant-24 percent

Catholic-10 percent

Greek Orthodox/Other Christian-1 percent

Jewish/ Islam/ Hindu/ Buddhist/ Other-1 percent

Non-Religious/Non-Reporting-11 percent> 2006NC001

North Carolina Law, Section 14 197:

<Using profane or indecent language on public highways; counties exempt. If any person shall, on any public road or highway and in the hearing of two or more persons, in a loud and boisterous manner, use indecent or profane language, he shall be guilty of a Class 3 misdemeanor.> 2006NC002

Pennsylvania (2006) religious affiliations listed in Pennsylvania were 83 percent Christian, consisting of:

<Methodist-10 percent

Baptist-10 percent

Lutheran-9 percent

Presbyterian-5 percent

United Church of Christ-2 percent

Amish/Pietist-1 percent

Other Protestant-18 percent

Catholic-27 percent

Other Christian-1 percent

Jewish-2 percent

Other Religions-2 percent

Non-Religious/Non-Reporting-13 percent> 2006PA001

Rhode Island (2006) religious affiliations listed in Rhode Island were 81 percent Christian, consisting

of:

<Episcopal-8 percent

Baptist-6 percent

Other Protestant-14 percent

Catholic-52 percent

Other Christian-1 percent

Jewish-2 percent

Other Religions-1 percent

Non-Religious/Non-Reporting-16 percent> 2006RI001

Rhode Island Penal Code, Title 11, Criminal Offenses, Chapter 11-11, Disorderly Conduct Section 11-11-5:

<Profanity. - Every person who shall be guilty of profane swearing and cursing shall be fined not exceeding five dollars ($5.00).> 2006RI002

South Carolina (2006) religious affiliations listed in South Carolina were 92 percent Christian, consisting of:

<Baptist-45 percent

Methodist-15 percent

Presbyterian-5 percent

Other Protestant-19 percent

Catholic-7 percent

Other Christian-1 percent

Other Religions-1 percent

Non-Religious/Non-Reporting-7 percent> 2006SC001

Vermont (2006) religious affiliations listed in Vermont were 73 percent Christian, consisting of:

<Congregational/U.Church of Christ-7 percent

Methodist-7 percent

Episcopal-5 percent

Baptist-3 percent

Other Protestant-12 percent

Catholic-39 percent

Other Christian-1 percent

Jewish-1 percent

Other Religions-1 percent

Non-Religious/Non-Reporting-24 percent> 2006VT001

Virginia (2006) religious affiliations listed in Virginia were 84 percent Christian, consisting of:

<Baptist-32 percent

Methodist-8 percent

Episcopal-3 percent

Presbyterian-3 percent

Other Protestant-23 percent

Catholic-14 percent

Other Christian-1 percent

Other Religions-2 percent

Non-Religions/ Non-Reporting-12 percent> 2006VA001

Pew Religious Landscape Survey (2007) reported that the religious affiliation of citizens of the United States of America was:

<Christian 76.1 percent (consisting of Protestant 51.3 percent, Catholic 23.9 percent, Orthodox 0.6 percent, Other Christian 0.3 percent)

Mormon 1.7 percent

Jehovah's Witnesses 0.7 percent

Jewish 1.7 percent (consisting of Reform 0.7 percent, Conservative 0.5 percent, Orthodox 0.3 percent, Other 0.2 percent)

Buddhist 0.7 percent

Muslim 0.6 percent

Hindu 0.4 percent

Other World Religions 0.2 percent Unitarian and other liberal faiths 0.6 percent New Age 0.4 percent

Atheist 1.6 percent

Agnostic 2.4 percent

Secular Unaffilliated 6.3 percent Religious unaffiliated 5.8 percent

Refused to answer 0.8 percent> 2007PE001

- - - -

1947US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Corp of Cadets, July 24, 1949, New York Times. Anson Phelps Stokes and Leo Pfeffer, Church and State in the United States (NY: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1950, revised one-volume edition, 1964), p. 473-474.

1947US002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Naval Academy, July 28, 1949, New York Times. Anson Phelps Stokes and Leo Pfeffer, Church and State in the United States (NY: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1950, revised one-volume edition, 1964), p. 473-474.

1947NJ001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). New Jersey Constitution, 1947.

1947DQ001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). John Danforth Quayle. Rush H. Limbaugh III, See, I Told You So (New York, NY: reprinted by permission of Pocket Books, a division of Simon & Schuster Inc., 1993), p. 93.

1947TD001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Tom Delay. April 3, 2002, speech at Westminster College, titled "The Bonds of Freedom." http://www.churchillmemorial.org/lecture/green/Pages/TomDeLay.aspx 1947NM001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Norma Leah McCorvey, August 11, 1995, Norma McCorvey's story was covered in the USA Today by Jeannine Lee and Masud Khan, "'Roe' litigant's about-face: 'I'm pro-life.'" The Dallas Morning News, August 11, 1995, written by Gayle Reaves, Charles Ornstein, Jeff Mosier and Monica Soto, "'Jane Roe' says views on

abortion changed-McCorvey quits job at women's clinic, is baptized by

Operation Rescue chief." ABC's World News Tonight, August 10, 1995, Norma McCorvey.

1947NM002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Norma Leah McCorvey, in an interview with the Dallas radio station WBAP-AM (820). 1947NM003. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Norma Leah McCorvey, August 11, 1995, USA Today by Jeannine Lee and Masud Khan, "'Roe' litigant's about-face: 'I'm pro-life.'" The Dallas Morning News, August 11, 1995, written by Gayle Reaves, Charles Ornstein, Jeff Mosier and Monica Soto, "'Jane Roe' says views on abortion changed-McCorvey quits job at women's clinic, is baptized by Operation Rescue chief." ABC's World News Tonight, August 10, 1995, Norma McCorvey. Interview with the Dallas radio station WBAP-AM (820).

1947NM004. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Norma Leah McCorvey, August 11, 1995, USA Today by Jeannine Lee and Masud Khan, "'Roe' litigant's about-face: 'I'm pro-life.'" The Dallas Morning News, August 11, 1995, written by Gayle Reaves, Charles Ornstein, Jeff Mosier and Monica Soto, "'Jane Roe' says views on abortion changed-McCorvey quits job at women's clinic, is baptized by Operation Rescue chief." ABC's World News Tonight, August 10, 1995, Norma McCorvey. Interview with the Dallas radio station WBAP-AM (820).

1947NM005. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Norma Leah McCorvey, January, 1996, in the article, 'Jane Roe' Speaks," (Dallas/Fort Worth Heritage, January, 1996, Vol. 4, No. 7, p. 4).

1948US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, 1948, Justice Frankfurter, McCollum v. Board of Education of School District Number 71, 333 U.S. 203, 206 (1948). John Eidsmoe, God & Caesar-Christian Faith & Political Action (Westchester, IL: Crossway Books, a Division of Good News Publishers, 1984), pp. 140-141.

1948US002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, 1948, Justice Frankfurter, McCollum v. Board of Education of School District Number 71, 333 U.S. 203, 236 (1948). Elizabeth Ridenour, Public Schools-Bible Curriculum (Greensboro, N.C.: National Council On Bible Curriculum, 1996), p. 13, 14-15, 28, 42. Robert K. Skolrood, The National Legal Foundation, letter to National Council on the Bible Curriculum in Public Schools, Sept. 13, 1994, p. 2.

1950NJ001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). New Jersey State Court, 1950, in the case of Doremus v. Board of Education of Borough of Hawthorne, 5 N.J. 435, 75 A. 880 (N.J. 1950), p. 886-888 Elizabeth Ridenour, Public Schools-Bible Curriculum (Greensboro, N.C.: National Council On Bible Curriculum, 1996), p. 32-33. Robert K. Skolrood, The National Legal Foundation, letter to National Council on the Bible Curriculum in Public Schools, Sept. 13, 1994, p. 6-7

1951RL001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Rush H. Limbaugh, III, 1993, in his book, See, I Told You So (New York, NY: reprinted by permission of Pocket Books, a division of Simon & Schuster Inc., 1993), p.

American Quotations 2013 – William J. Federer 3374

69-76.

1952US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, 1952, Zorach v. Clauson, 343 US 306 307 312-314 (1952), Justice William O. Douglas. Dr. Ed Rowe, The ACLU and America's Freedom (Washington: Church League of America, 1984), pp. 20-21. Tim LaHaye, Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Brentwood, TN: Wolgemuth & Hyatt, Publishers, Inc., 1987), pp. 9-10. Martin Shapiro and Roco Tresolini, eds., American Constitutional Law (NY: Macmillan Publishing, 5th edition, 1979), p. 445. John Whitehead, The Rights of Religious Persons in Public Education (Wheaton IL: Crossway Books, Good News Publishers, 1991), p. 284. "Our Christian Heritage," Letter from Plymouth Rock (Marlborough, NH: The Plymouth Rock Foundation), p. 7. Elizabeth Ridenour, Public Schools-Bible Curriculum (Greensboro, N.C.: National Council On Bible Curriculum, 1996), p. 24. The Capitol: A Pictorial History of the Capitol and of the Congress (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979), p. 24. Gary DeMar, America's Christian History: The Untold Story (Atlanta, GA: American Vision Publishers, Inc., 1993), p. 105. Keith A. Fournier, Religious Cleansing in the American Republic (Washington, D.C.: Liberty, Life, and Family Publications, 1993), p.

33. Gary L. Bauer, Family Research Council Newsletter (Washington, D.C.: Family Research Council, 1996), p. 3. Elizabeth Ridenour, Public Schools-Bible Curriculum (Greensboro, N.C.: National Council On Bible Curriculum, 1996),

p. 28. Zorach v. Clauson; 343 U. S. 306, 312-314 (1952).

1952US002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Congress, April 17, 1952, by a Joint Resolution of the House and Senate, passed Public Law 82-324; 66 Stat. 64, to provide for setting aside an appropriate day as a National Day of Prayer. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

United States Congress, April 2, 1952, in U.S. Senate Report No. 1389, of the 82nd Congress, 2nd Session, Calendar No. 1324, ordered to be printed the report of Mr. McCarran, from the Committee on the Judiciary, to accompany H.J. Res. 382.

1952US003. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Congress, June 17, 1952, President Harry S. Truman issued Proclamation 2978, declaring a National Day of Prayer.

1954US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Congress, 1954, approved in both the Senate and House of Representatives of the 83rd Congress, a joint resolution calling for the establishment of A room with facilities for prayer and meditation for the use of Members of the Senate and House of Representatives.

1954US002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Congress, 1954, Robert Byrd, United States Senator from West Virginia, July 27, 1962, in a message delivered in Congress two days after the Supreme Court declared prayer in schools unconstitutional. Robert Flood, The Rebirth of America (Philadelphia: Arthur S. DeMoss Foundation, 1986), pp. 66-69. Willard Cantelon, Money Master of the World (Plainfield, NJ: Logos International,

American Quotations 2013 – William J. Federer 3375

1976), p. 135. Gary DeMar, America's Christian History: The Untold Story (Atlanta, GA: American Vision Publishers, Inc., 1993), pp. 54-56.

1954US003. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Congress of the Unites States, June 14, 1954, approved the Joint Resolution 243, signed by President Eisenhower. (Public Law 83-396; Chapter 297; Sec. 7), June 22, 1942,

36 U.S.C. sec. 172); December 28, 1945, as Public Law 287.) Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax). D.P. Diffine, Ph.D., One Nation Under God-How Close a Separation? (Searcy, Arkansas: Harding University, Belden Center for Private Enterprise Education, 6th edition, 1992), p. 17.

1954US004. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Congress, September 8, 1892, Pledge of Allegiance. The World Book Encyclopedia, 18 vols. (Chicago, IL: Field Enterprises, Inc., 1957; W.F. Quarrie and Company, 8 vols., 1917; World Book, Inc., 22 vols., 1989), Vol. 13, p.

6419.

1954US005. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Congress, June 14, 1954, President Eisenhower signed House Joint Resolution 243 into law as Public Law 83-396, which added the phrase, "under God," to the Pledge of Allegiance (Public Law 287). "Our Christian Heritage," Letter from Plymouth Rock (Marlborough, NH: The Plymouth Rock Foundation), p. 7. Gary DeMar, America's Christian History: The Untold Story (Atlanta, GA: American Vision Publishers, Inc., 1993), p. 104. D.P. Diffine, Ph.D., One Nation Under God-How Close a Separation? (Searcy, Arkansas: Harding University, Belden Center for Private Enterprise Education, 6th edition, 1992), p. 17.

1954US006. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Congress, June 14, 1954, in a speech confirming the Act of Congress which added the phrase Under God to the Pledge of Allegiance. U.S. Marine Corps, How to Respect and Display Our Flag (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977), p. 31.

1954US007. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Congress of the United State, June 14, 1954, President Eisenhower on the steps of the Capitol Building. The Capitol (Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 7th edition, 1979), pp. 24-25. Gary DeMar, America's Christian History: The Untold Story (Atlanta, GA: American Vision Publishers, Inc., 1993), p. 53. 1954US008. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Congress of the Unites States, June 14, 1954, approved the Joint Resolution 243 (Public Law 83-396), which added the words "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance, (initially adopted by the 79th Congress on December 28, 1945, as Public Law 287.). The Capitol-A Pictorial History of the Capitol and of the Congress (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1979), p. 24. Gary DeMar, "Censoring America's Christian History" (Atlanta: The Biblical Worldview, An American Vision Publication-American Vision, Inc., July 1990), p. 10. Zorach

v. Clauson; 343 U. S. 306, 312-314 (1952).

1955US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Congress, 1955, in an Act of Congress signed by President Eisenhower

American Quotations 2013 – William J. Federer 3376

approved that U.S. currency should bear the words "In God We Trust." The World Book Encyclopedia, 18 vols. (Chicago, IL: Field Enterprises, Inc., 1957; W.F. Quarrie and Company, 8 vols., 1917; World Book, Inc., 22 vols., 1989),

Vol. 11, p. 5182.

1956US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Congress, July 20, 1956, by Joint Resolution, the 84th Congress, 2nd session, adopted a bill for a national motto introduced by Rep. Charles E. Bennett (FL), Legislative day, April 9, 1956; read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. Passed the House of Representatives April 16, 1956. Attest: Ralph R. Roberts, Clerk. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax)."Our

Christian Heritage," Letter from Plymouth Rock (Marlborough, NH: The Plymouth Rock Foundation), p. 7. Christine F. Hart, One Nation Under God (NJ: American Tract Society, reprinted by Gospel Tract Society, Inc.), p. 5. Gary DeMar, America's Christian History: The Untold Story (Atlanta, GA: American Vision Publishers, Inc., 1993), pp. 52, 104. Mark Silk, Spiritual Politics: Religion and America Since World War II (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), p. 99.

1956TN001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Tennessee Supreme Court, March 9, 1956, in Philip M. CARDEN et al. v. Mrs. Tom A. BLAND et al.

1957LB001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Louis Bounoure, Louis, 1957, in his book Determinism and Finality, edited by Flammarion, 1957, page 79. March 8, 1984, as quoted in The Advocate. The Revised Quotebook (Sunnybank, Brisbane, Australia: Creation Science Foundation Ltd., 1990), p. 5. 1957WF001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). William Joseph Federer, statements.

1957WF002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). William Joseph Federer, 2008, author's Biographical Note in the Appendix of the book, "George Washington Carver-His Life and Faith in His Own Words" statement.

1957JW001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). J.C. Watts, Jr., February 4, 1997, Tuesday, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., in the televised Republican response to President Clinton's State of the Union Address. 1957JW002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). J.C. Watts, Jr., September 12, 2001, in response to the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Subj: Terrorism invades our borders, 9/12/2001 5:18:40 PM CDTime, From: ampac@lists.postmastergeneral.com (American Renewal PAC).

1957JW003. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). J.C. Watts, Jr., October 7, 2001, 7:41 p.m. Central Daylight Time, House Republican Conference Chairman J.C. Watts, Jr. (R.-Okla.) issued the following statement from Washington, D.C., in response to the U.S. air strikes today against al-Qaida and Taliban military targets in Afghanistan. American Renewal PAC, J.C. Watts, Jr., Chairman, http://www.jcwatts.com/.

1958NY001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). New York

American Quotations 2013 – William J. Federer 3377

Supreme Court, 1958, Baer v. Kolmorgen, 181 N.Y.S. 2d. 230, 237 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. 1958), Judge Gallagher.

1959OH001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Ohio State Motto, 1959, included in proclamation by Governor George V. Voinovich. Ken Waggoner, United In Prayer (Reston, VA: Intercessors For America Newsletter, May 1993), Vol. 20, No. 5, p. 1. Ohio State Income Tax Booklet, 1993, cover; courtesy of Library of Karen Morgan, People of the Past-Historical Presentations, P.O. Box 426, Cortland, Ohio, 44410, (330) 638-8606.

1959OH002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Ohio State Motto, May 16, 2001. Supreme Court Justice William Rehnquist commenting on the 2-1 decision of a three-judge panel of the 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals prohibiting Ohio's motto, as recalled by Father John Neuhaus, editor of First Things. National Catholic Register (Circle Media, Inc., 33 Rossotto Drive, Hamden, CT 06514), Vol. 77, No. 12, April 1-7, 2001, p. 2.

1959OH003. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Ohio State Motto, May 16, 2001. Judge David A. Nelson, writing for the majority, 6th U.S. Circuit of Appeals, reversing a 2-1 decision of a three-judge panel of the same court April 2000. National Catholic Register (Circle Media, Inc., 33 Rossotto Drive, Hamden, CT 06514), Vol. 77, No. 12, April 1-7, 2001, p. 2. Saint Louis

Metrovoice (P.O. Box 220010, St. Louis, MO 63122), Vol. 11, No. 5, May

2001, p. 6.

1959OH004. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Ohio State Motto, May 16, 2001. Jay Sekulow, chief counsel of the American Center for Law and Justice, which represented the State of Ohio in the case. Saint Louis Metrovoice (P.O. Box 220010, St. Louis, MO 63122), Vol. 11, No. 5, May 2001, p. 6. National Catholic Register (Circle Media, Inc., 33 Rossotto Drive, Hamden, CT 06514), Vol. 77, No. 12, April 1-7, 2001, p. 2.

1959OH005. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Ohio State Motto, May 16, 2001. Ohio Governor Bob Taft. Saint Louis Metrovoice (P.O. Box 220010, St. Louis, MO 63122), Vol. 11, No. 5, May 2001, p. 6.

1959OH006. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Ohio State Motto, May 16, 2001. Ohio Governor Bob Taft commenting on the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals decision to keep the State Motto "With God All Things are Possible." National Catholic Register (Circle Media, Inc., 33 Rossotto Drive, Hamden, CT 06514), Vol. 77, No. 12, April 1-7, 2001, p. 2.

1959AK001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Alaska, 1956, Constitution, Preamble. Constitutions of the United States-National and State (Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications, Inc., published for Legislative Drafting Research Fund of Columbia University, Release 95-5, Issued December 1995), Vol. 1, Alaska(June 1992), p. 1. Charles E. Rice, The Supreme Court and Public Prayer (New York: Fordham University Press, 1964), p. 167; "Hearings, Prayers in Public Schools and Other Matters," Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate (87th Cong., 2nd Sess.), 1962, pp. 268 et seq.

1959AK002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Alaska, 1956, Constitution, Article I, Section 4. Freedom of Religion. Constitutions of the

American Quotations 2013 – William J. Federer 3378

United States-National and State (Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications, Inc., published for Legislative Drafting Research Fund of Columbia University, Release 95-5, Issued December 1995), Vol. 1, Alaska (June 1992), p. 1.

1959AK003. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Alaska, 1956, Constitution, Article I, Section 19. Right to Keep and Bear Arms. Constitutions of the United States-National and State (Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications, Inc., published for Legislative Drafting Research Fund of Columbia University, Release 95-5, Issued December 1995), Vol. 1, Alaska (June 1992), p. 3.

1959AK004. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Alaska, 1956, Constitution, Article II, Section 17. Bills Not Signed. Constitutions of the United States-National and State (Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications, Inc., published for Legislative Drafting Research Fund of Columbia University, Release 95-5, Issued December 1995), Vol. 1, Alaska (June 1992), p. 6.

1959HI001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Hawaii, 1959, Constitution, Preamble. Charles E. Rice, The Supreme Court and Public Prayer (New York: Fordham University Press, 1964), p. 169; "Hearings, Prayers in Public Schools and Other Matters," Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate (87th Cong., 2nd Sess.), 1962, pp. 268 et seq. Recorded in an Executive Proclamation declaring February 12-22, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor John Waihee, in the Capitol City of Honolulu, December 30, 1993. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1959HI002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Hawaii State Motto, August 21, 1959. Charles Wallis, ed., Our American Heritage (NY: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1970), p. 30. December 30, 1993, the State of Hawaii issued an Executive Proclamation declaring February 12-22, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor John Waihee, in the Capitol City of Honolulu. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1962US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, 1962, Engel v. Vitale, 1962 as quoted in Stone v. Graham, 449

U.S. 39, 46 (1980) and Abington v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203, 212 (1963).

Elizabeth Ridenour, Public Schools-Bible Curriculum (Greensboro, N.C.: National Council On Bible Curriculum, 1996), p. 28.

1959TT001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Dr. T.N. Tahmisian, August 20, 1959, of the Atomic Energy Commission, printed in The Fresno Bee.

1962US002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, 1962, Justice Potter Stewart in his dissenting opinion in the case of Engle v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421, 445-446 (1962).

1962PA001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Pennsylvania School District of the Abington Township. Prior to 1963 school policy.

Abington v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 211 (1963). Wall v. Cooke, (Mass.), 7 Am. Law Reg. (Os.) 417, stated: "The Bible has long been in our common schools....It

American Quotations 2013 – William J. Federer 3379

was placed there as the book best adapted from which to 'teach children and youth the principles of piety, justice, and a sacred regard to truth, love to their country, humanity, and a universal benevolence, sobriety, moderation, and temperance....But, in doing this, no scholar is requested to believe it, none to

receive it as the only true version of the laws of God. The teacher enters into no argument to prove its correctness, and gives no instruction in theology from it. To read the Bible in school and like purposes, or to require it to read without sectarian explanations, is no interference with religious liberty.'" Elizabeth Ridenour, Public Schools-Bible Curriculum (Greensboro, N.C.: National Council On Bible Curriculum, 1996), p. 34. Robert K. Skolrood, The National Legal Foundation, letter to National Council on the Bible Curriculum in Public Schools, Sept. 13, 1994, p. 8.

1963US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, 1963, Abington v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203, 212, 225, 300-301,

83 S.Ct. 1560, 10 L. Ed. 2D 844 (1963) pp. 21, 71. Associate Justice Tom Clark writing the Court's opinion, Justice William Joseph Brennan, Jr. concurring. "Our Christian Heritage," Letter from Plymouth Rock (Marlborough, NH: The Plymouth Rock Foundation), p. 7. Bill Gothard, Applying Basic Principles-Supplementary Alumni Book (Oak Brook, IL: Institute of Basic Youth Conflicts, 1984), p. 3. Jay Sekulow, Letter to School Superintendents (Virginia Beach, VA: American Center for Law and Justice, November 17, 1992), p. 1.

Religion in the Public School Curriculum-Questions and Answers (available from the Christian Legal Society, P.O. Box 1492, Merrifield, Va. 22116.), pp. 1-

2. John Whitehead, The Rights of Religious Persons in Public Education, p. 187, 191, 183, 285. Elizabeth Ridenour, Public Schools-Bible Curriculum

(Greensboro, N.C.: National Council On Bible Curriculum, 1996), p. 13, 21, 23,

28, 39, 41.

1963GW001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Geert Wilders, Chairman of the Party for Freedom in the Netherlands, delivered his speech, "America the Last Man Standing," September 25, 2008, at the Four Seasons Hotel, New York. http://www.snopes.com/politics/soapbox/wilders.asp http://www.truthorfiction.com/rumors/w/geert-wilders.htm

1965US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States District Court, 1965, Western District of Michigan, in the case of Reed v. Van Hoven, 237 F. Supp. 48, 51 (W. D. Mich. 1965).

1965CT001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Connecticut Constitution, 1965.

1967IL001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). DeKalb County, Illinois, Community School District prior to 1967, kindergarten poem. DeSpain

v. DeKalb County Comm. School Dist., 384 F. 2d 655, 835 (N.D. Ill. 1966), cert. denied, 390 U.S. 906 (1967).

1968PA001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Pennsylvania Constitution, 1968.

1968NH001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). New Hampshire Constitution, 1968.

American Quotations 2013 – William J. Federer 3380

1969US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, 1969, Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District, 393

U.S. 503, 506, 512, 513 (1969). Special Bulletin (Virginia Beach, VA: American Center for Law and Justice, 1993), pt. I, Graduation Prayer. 1969US002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, 1969, Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District, 393

U.S. 503, 506, 512, 513 (1969). Education Newsline (Costa Mesa, CA: National Association of Christian Educators/Citizens for Excellence in Education, May/June 1993), p. 2.

1970NJ001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Netcong, New Jersey, Board of Education, 1970, prior; public school policy. State Board of Education v. Board of Education of Netcong, 262 A.2d 21,23 (Sup. Ct. N.J. 1970), cert. denied, 401 U.S. 1013.

1971VA001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Virginia Constitution, 1971, Article I, Section 16.

1971NC001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). North Carolina Constitution, 1971.

1972MS001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Mississippi Penal Code, 1972, As Amended SEC. 97-29-47. Profanity or drunkenness in public place: SOURCES: Codes, Hutchinson's 1848, ch. 64, art. 4(1); 1857, ch.

64, art. 340; 1871, Sec. 2833; 1880, Sec. 2974; 1892, Sec. 1219; 1906, Sec.

1295; Hemingway's 1917, Sec. 1028; 1930, Sec. 1059; 1942, Sec. 2291; Laws,

1912, ch. 212; 1971, ch. 448, Sec. 2, eff from and after passage (approved

March 25, 1971).

1972DA001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Delta Airlines (1972), "Christmas Message" published in its December 1972, Vol. XXXII, No. 12, editor William D. Berry, issue of Delta Digest, a monthly publication by the Public Relations Department of Delta Air Lines, Hartsfield-Atlanta International Airport, Atlanta, Georgia, 30320, Graphic design and printing by Higgins-McArthur/Longino and Porter, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia. Gary DeMar, AmericaVision.org, December 23, 2009. http://www.americanvision.org/mediafiles/deltachristmas1972.jpg

1973US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, 1973, Anderson v. Salt Lake City Corp, 475 F.2d 29, 33, 34

(10th Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 879.

1975TN001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Tennessee Supreme Court, 1975. Swann v. Pack, 527 S.W. 2d 99, 101 (Sup. Ct. Tn. 1975). 1975US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Federal Rules of Evidence, December 12, 1975 amended; amended effective October 1, 1987; - 803(13).1; Bibles-Hearsay exception for entries in family Bibles, pp. 559-561, 712. Courtesy of Thomas A. Federer, Esq., 201 South 5th Street, St. Charles, Missouri, 63301, (214) 949-2424, fax (214) 949-9610.

1977US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Congress, 1977, in Public Law 77-379. Gary DeMar, America's Christian History: The Untold Story (Atlanta, GA: American Vision Publishers, Inc.,

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1993), p. 53.

1978US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, 1978, in the case of McDaniel vs. Paty, 435 U.S. 618 at 641 (1978).

1979US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States District Court, 1979, Eastern District of Tennessee, in the case of Wiley v. Franklin, 468 F.Supp. 133, 149-152 (E.D. Tenn. 1979). Elizabeth Ridenour, Public Schools-Bible Curriculum (Greensboro, N.C.: National Council On Bible Curriculum, 1996), pp. 29, 43, 45. Robert K. Skolrood, The National Legal Foundation, letter to National Council on the Bible Curriculum in Public Schools, Sept. 13, 1994, p. 3, 5, 6.

1980CA001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). California Supreme Court, 1980, Devin Walker v. First Presbyterian Church, 760-028.9. "Our Christian Heritage," Letter from Plymouth Rock (Marlborough, NH: The Plymouth Rock Foundation), p. 7.

1980US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, 1980, Stone v. Graham, 449 U.S. 39, 42, 46 (1980). Elizabeth Ridenour, Public Schools-Bible Curriculum (Greensboro, N.C.: National Council On Bible Curriculum, 1996), p. 28-29. Robert K. Skolrood, The National Legal Foundation, letter to National Council on the Bible Curriculum in Public Schools, Sept. 13, 1994, p. 2.

1980US002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, 1980, Stone v. Graham, 449 U.S. 30, 39, 42 (1980). Jay Sekulow, Letter to School Superintendents (Virginia Beach, VA: American Center for Law and Justice, November 17, 1992), p. 1. Elizabeth Ridenour, Public Schools-Bible Curriculum (Greensboro, N.C.: National Council On Bible Curriculum In Public Schools, 1996), p. 13, 21, 23, 28-29, 42.

1980US003. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Court of Appeals-8th Circuit, 1980. Florey v. Sioux Falls School District, 619 F.2d 1311, 1314, 1317 (8th Cir. 1980). Jay Sekulow, Letter to School Superintendents (Virginia Beach, VA: American Center for Law and Justice, November 17, 1992), p. 1. Elizabeth Ridenour, Public Schools-Bible Curriculum (Greensboro, N.C.: National Council On Bible Curriculum, 1996), p. 14, 24, 25,

31. Robert K. Skolrood, The National Legal Foundation, letter to National Council on the Bible Curriculum in Public Schools, Sept. 13, 1994, p. 5. 1981US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, 1981, Widmar v. Vincent, 454 U.S. 263, 269 (1981). Jay Sekulow, Letter to Mayors (Virginia Beach, VA: American Center for Law and Justice, November 17, 1992), p. 1.

1981MO001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Missouri, January 1, 1981, in the Missouri Probate Code, 1 Terr.L., p. 411, Section 45, listing what inherited essential property is exempt from creditors; EXEMPT PROPERTY, FAMILY ALLOWANCE AND HOMESTEAD ALLOWANCE,

V.A.M.S. Section 474.250. Exempt Property of Surviving Spouse or Minor Children. The Author's Comment in the Probate Code, p. 454, states: "An early

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draft of the revision to section 474.250 eliminated the family Bible and other books from the exempt property allowance with the intention of giving the testator the power to leave such property to persons other that his surviving spouse who, for example, could be a second wife, not the mother of his children, and consequently perhaps not the person to receive family heirlooms. However, in the final revision as adopted, the family Bible and other books were included in the exempt property allowance, rendering the revision identical to the predecessor..." Courtesy of Thomas A. Federer, Esq., 201 South 5th Street, St. Charles, Missouri, 63301, (214) 949-2424, fax (214) 949-9610.

1981NH001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). New Hampshire, August 18, 1981, State Laws, Oath, Title 51, Courts, Chapter 500-A:18.

1982US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, 1982, Chambers v. Marsh, 675 F.2d 228, 233 (8th Cir. 1982); review allowed, 463 U.S. 783 (1982), Chief Justice Warren Earl Burger. "Our Christian Heritage," Letter from Plymouth Rock (Marlborough, NH: The Plymouth Rock Foundation), p. 7. Tracy Everbach, Dallas Morning News, March 16, 1993, pp. 1A, 8A.

1982US002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Congress, October 4, 1982, by a Joint Resolution of the Senate and House in the second session of the 97th Congress, held at the City of Washington, passed Public Law 97-280, 96 Stat. 1211, declaring 1983 the "Year of the Bible." John Eidsmoe, Christianity and the Constitution-The Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, A Mott Media Book, 1987; 6th printing, 1993), p. 355. "Our Christian Heritage," Letter from Plymouth Rock (Marlborough, NH: The Plymouth Rock Foundation), p. 7. Gary DeMar, America's Christian History: The Untold Story (Atlanta, GA: American Vision Publishers, Inc., 1993), p. 53. John Eidsmoe, Christianity and The Constitution-The Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1987), p. 355.

1983US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, 1983, United States v. Grace, 461 U.S. 171, 177 (1983). Jay Sekulow, Letter to Mayors (Virginia Beach, VA: American Center for Law and Justice, November 17, 1992), p. 1.

1983US002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States District Court, 1983, Southern District of Alabama, in the case of Jaffree v. Board of School Commissioners of Mobile County, 544 F. Supp. 1104 (S.D. Ala. 1983), Judge Brevard Hand, quoting from the 19th-century United States Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story. Russell Kirk, ed., The Assault on Religion: Commentaries on the Decline of Religious Liberty (Lanham, NY: University Press of America, 1986), p. 84. Gary DeMar, America's Christian History: The Untold Story (Atlanta, GA: American Vision Publishers, Inc., 1993), p. 113.

1983US003. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States District Court, 1983, Western District of Virginia, in the case of Crockett v. Sorenson, 568 F.Supp. 1422, 1425-1430 (W.D. Va. 1983). Elizabeth Ridenour, Public Schools-Bible Curriculum (Greensboro, N.C.: National Council On Bible

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Curriculum, 1996), pp. 29-31, 42-43. Robert K. Skolrood, The National Legal Foundation, letter to National Council on the Bible Curriculum in Public Schools, Sept. 13, 1994, pp. 3-5.

1984US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, 1984, Associate Justice William Hubbs Rehnquist, in his dissenting opinion in the case of Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38, 92, 99, 107 (1984). "Our Christian Heritage," Letter from Plymouth Rock (Marlborough, NH: The Plymouth Rock Foundation), p. 8.

1984US002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Congress, August 11, 1984, the Equal Access Act became law. (20 U.S.C. sections 4071-74). The Equal Access Act and the Public Schools-Questions and Answers (available from the Christian Legal Society, P.O. Box 1492, Merrifield, Va. 22116.), pp. 1, 3.

1985US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, 1985, Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668, 669-670, 673 (1985), Chief Justice Warren Burger. Tracy Everbach, Dallas Morning News, March 16, 1993, pp. 1A, 8A. John Whitehead, The Rights of Religious Persons in Public Education, pp. 49, 52.

1986GP001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Gallup Poll, 1986. Tim LaHaye, Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Brentwood, TN: Wolgemuth & Hyatt, Publishers, Inc., 1987), p. 70. Paul Vitz, Censorship-Evidence of Bias in Our Children's Textbooks (Ann Arbor, MI: Servant Books, 1986), p. 87.

1986US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, 1986, in the case of Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186, 92 L Ed 2d 140, 106 S. Ct. 2841, p. 149, (Chief Justice Warren E. Burger). Gary DeMar, America's Christian History: The Untold Story (Atlanta, GA: American Vision Publishers, Inc., 1993), p. 68.

1986US002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, 1986, in the case of Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186, 92 L Ed 2d 140, 106 S. Ct. 2841, reh den (US) 92 L Ed 2d 779, 107 S. Ct. 29. pp. 147-

148 (Chief Justice Warren E. Burger). Gary DeMar, America's Christian History: The Untold Story (Atlanta, GA: American Vision Publishers, Inc., 1993), pp. 102-103.

1987US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, 1987, in the case of Edwards v. Aquillard, 482 U.S. , 96 L.Ed.2d 510, 535 (1987), Justice Powell and O'Connor concurring. Elizabeth Ridenour, Public Schools-Bible Curriculum (Greensboro, N.C.: National Council On Bible Curriculum, 1996), p. 29. Robert K. Skolrood, The National Legal Foundation, letter to National Council on the Bible Curriculum in Public Schools, Sept. 13, 1994, p. 29.

1988US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Congress, January 25, 1988 in the Second Session of the One Hundredth Congress. Public Law 100-307-May 5, 1988 [Legislative History-S. 1378]; May 5, 1988. 36 USC 169th, Congressional Record, Vol. 134 (1988), Apr.22,

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considered and passed Senate, May 2, considered and passed House. 102 STAT.

456. Mrs. James Dobson (Shirley), chairman, The National Day of Prayer Information Packet (Colorado Springs, CO: National Day of Prayer Task Force, May 6, 1993). Gary DeMar, America's Christian History: The Untold Story (Atlanta, GA: American Vision Publishers, Inc., 1993), p. 53. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1988RI001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Rhode Island Constitution, 1988.

1990US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Congress, February 22, 1990, in Senate Joint Resolution 164, authorized and requested President George Bush to issue a Presidential Proclamation declaring 1990 the International Year of Bible Reading. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1990US002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, June 4, 1990, Justice Kennedy, Justice Scalia, Justice O'Connor, Westside Community Schools v. Mergens, 88-1597, -CONCUR, part II, p. 4., part. III, p. 18, 496 U.S. 226, 248, 250 (1990) citing McDaniel v. Paty, 435 U.S. 618, 641 (1978) Justice Brennan concurring in judgment. Special Bulletin (Virginia Beach, VA: American Center for Law and Justice, 1993), pt. I. Graduation Prayer. Jay Sekulow, Letter to Mayors (Virginia, Beach, VA: American Center for Law and Justice, November 17, 1992), p. 1. Elizabeth Ridenour, Public Schools-Bible Curriculum (Greensboro, N.C.: National Council On Bible Curriculum, 1996), p. 25.

1990NJ001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). New Jersey, 1990, census. http://www.worldalmanacforkids.com/explore/states/newjersey.html 1992US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, 1992, Lee v. Weisman, 112 S.Ct. 2649 (1992). Dissenting opinion given by Justice Antonin Scalia, joined by Chief Justice William Rehnquist, Justice Byron White and Justice Clarence Thomas. Eugene H. Methvin, "Let Us Pray" (Pleasantville, NY: Reader's Digest, The Reader's Digest Association, Inc., November 1992), pp. 75-79. Lee v. Weisman; 120 L. Ed. 2D 467, 510-511, 516, 518, 519 (1992), Scalia, J. (dissenting). Candy Berkebile, One Hundred Years of the Pledge (Washington, D.C.: Family Voice, Concerned Women for America, October 1992), p. 13. The American Family Association Law Center, (AFA Law Center, P.O. Drawer 2440, Tupelo, MS.

38803), has compiled a "Students Bill of Rights" guaranteed by the United States Constitution: 1. You have the right to meet with other Christian students on campus for prayer, Bible study, and worship. The First Amendment guarantees the right of freedom of association with others. 2. You have the right to form and meet with Bible clubs and prayer groups on campus. The U.S. Supreme has held the federal Equal Access Act gives students the right to organize and participate in Bible clubs and prayer groups, just like any other

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club that is not related to curriculum. 3. You have the right to share your Christian faith on campus. The First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech, which can not be prohibited on school grounds without significant justification.

4. You have the right to wear Christian T-shirts or symbols to express your beliefs through your clothing, jewelry, buttons, etc. 5. You have the right to carry your Bible, and read it during unassigned reading time, on campus. 6. You have the right to publicize the gospel or hand out tracts on campus. First Amendment free speech rights include the right to hand out literature, use school bulletin boards, school newspapers, or other methods of communication available to students. 7. You have the right to include religious themes or points of view relevant to school projects. Nothing in the Constitution prevents the mention of religion or religious beliefs in school. In fact, religion can be legitimately studied, if the school does not try to advocate a particular faith. 8. You have the right to study and to observe Christmas and Easter holidays on campus. These have been held to be part of the culture and heritage of our country. 9. You have the right to voluntarily participate in prayer at school. The only prayers which have been held unconstitutionally are those which are mandatory, and initiated by the school administration. Student-led, student-initiated prayers are allowed. 10. You have the right not to participate in activities (or possibly classes) that conflict with sincerely held religious beliefs. 1992US002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Court of Appeals-6th Circuit, 1992, in the case of Americans United for Separation of Church and State v. City of Grand Rapids, 980 F.2d 1538, 1555. Jay Alan Sekulow, Letter to Mayors (Virginia Beach, VA: The American Center for Law and Justice, November 19, 1993), p. 4.

1992US003. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Court of Appeals-7th Circuit, 1992. Doe v. Small, 964 F.2d 611, 618 (7th Cir. 1992). Jay Sekulow, Letter to Mayors (Virginia Beach, VA: American Center for Law and Justice, November 17, 1992), p. 1.

1992WV001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). West Virginia, January 28, 1992, the State of West Virginia issued an Executive Proclamation declaring March 8-March 14, 1992, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by the Office of the Chief Executive, Governor Gaston Caperton, and the Secretary of State, in the Capitol City of Charleston. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707,

304-384-9044 fax).

1992OH001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Ohio, February 18, 1992, the State of Ohio issued an Executive Proclamation declaring May 7, 1992, as "A Day of Prayer in Ohio," signed by Governor George V. Voinovich, in the Capitol City of Columbus. Mrs. James Dobson (Shirley), chairman, The National Day of Prayer Information Packet (Colorado Springs, CO: National Day of Prayer Tack Force, May 6, 1993).

1992KY001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Kentucky, March 17, 1992, the Commonwealth of Kentucky issued an Executive Proclamation declaring May 8-May 14, 1992, as "Christian Heritage Week,"

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signed by the Office of the Governor Brereton C. Jones and Secretary of State Robert A. Babbage, in the Capitol City of Frankfort. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1992US004. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States District Court, March 18, 1992, Western District of Texas-Austin Division. United States District Judge Sam Sparks, W.O.F. World Outreach Center Church, Inc., a Church non-profit Texas corporation, R.G.T. and M.P.T., Plaintiffs v. Dan Morales, in his official capacity as Attorney General of the State of Texas, Defendant, Civil No. A-92-CA-089. See also: Supreme Court of Texas, No. D-3902, R.G.T. (individually and [sued as allegedly] D/B/A R.G.T. Ministries, W.O.F World Outreach Center Church, Inc. (a dissolved corporation), and W.O.F. World Outreach Center Church, et al.) v. The Honorable Eric V. Moye Judge, January 20, 1994, On Petition for Writ of Mandamus. Justice Spector delivered the opinion of the Court, in which all Justices join: "The Relators in this mandamus proceeding complain of a trial court order requiring production of documents in response to two separate discovery requests. As both discovery requests, we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in ordering production....We hold that the trial court abused

its discretion by ordering production of the documents at issue....Accordingly,

we conditionally grant mandamus relief.-Rose Spector, Justice. Opinion Delivered: February 2, 1994."

1992TX001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Texas, April 7, 1992, the State of Texas issued an Executive Proclamation declaring April 19-April 25, 1992, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Ann W. Richards, in the Capitol City of Austin. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1992AL001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Alabama, April 8, 1992, in a State of Alabama Executive Proclamation declaring May 3-May 9, 1992, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by the Office of the Governor, Guy Hunt, at the State House in the City of Montgomery. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1992IA001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Iowa, May 23, 1992. Governor Terry Edward Branstad (1946- ) addressed the participants in the March For Jesus event in Des Moines, Iowa. Tom Pelton, March For Jesus (Austin, TX: March For Jesus, P.O. Box 3216, 1993), p. 4.

1992AK001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Alaska, July 2, 1992, in a State of Alaska Executive Proclamation declaring November 22-November 28, 1992, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Walter

J. Hickel. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1992KY002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Kentucky, July 14, 1992, in the Regular Session of the General Assembly of the Legislature,

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passed Kentucky Revised Statute, Title XIII, Education, 158.195, regarding Conduct Of Schools, which was signed into law by Governor Brereton Jones. Enact. Acts 1992, ch. 170, Section 4, effective July 14, 1992. Henry S. Morris, Acts & Facts (El Cajon, CA: Institute For Creation Research, February 1993), Vol. 22, No. 2, p. 4.

1992SC001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). South Carolina, July 26, 1992, the State of South Carolina issued an Executive Proclamation declaring July 26-August 1, 1992 as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Carroll A. Campbell, Jr. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-

9044 fax).

1992US005. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Congress, August 11, 1992, Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II of West Virginia introduced legislation in the 102nd Congress to declare November 22 through November 28, 1992, as "America's Christian Heritage Week"; reintroduce in the 103rd Congress as Christian Heritage Resolution, H.J. 113, with 55 cosponsors. Congressional Record, Vol 138, No. 1, Washington, Wednesday, August 12, 1992. Russ Walton, Executive Director, Plymouth Rock Foundation, Gen Off Fisk Mill, Marlborough, New Hampshire 03455. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1992MS001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Mississippi, October 5, 1992, the State of Mississippi issued an Executive Proclamation declaring October 11-October 17, 1992, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by the Office of the Governor, Kirk Fordice, and the Secretary of State D.M., in the Capitol City of Jackson. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1993US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, 1993, Justice Scalia writing the majority decision in Jayne Bray

v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic. Jay Alan Sekulow, "Chief Counsel's Report-For the year 1992-1993" (Virginia Beach, VA: The American Center for Law and Justice, 1993), p. 1.

1993US002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Court of Appeals-9th Circuit, 1993, in the case of Kreisner v. City of San Diego, 1 F.3d 775, 785. Jay Alan Sekulow, Letter to Mayors (Virginia Beach, VA: The American Center for Law and Justice, November 19, 1993), p. 3.

1993CO001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Colorado, January 5, 1993, the State of Colorado issued an Executive Proclamation declaring April 4-11, 1993, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Roy Romer in the Capitol City of Denver, Executive Chambers, 136 State Capitol, Denver, Colorado, 80203-1792, (303) 866-2471. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1993CA001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). California, February 11, 1993, issued an Executive Proclamation declaring February 14-20,

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1993, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Pete Wilson and Secretary of State M.F. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1993GP001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Gallup Poll, February 27, 1993, reported by Ari Goldman in the New York Times.

1993WV001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). West Virginia, March 1, 1993, the State of Virginia issued an Executive Proclamation declaring November 21-November 27, 1993, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Gaston Caperton and Secretary of State Ken Hechler, in the Capitol City of Charleston. A similar Proclamation was also signed February 18, 1994.Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1993TX001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Coppell, Texas, Resolution of the City of. April 27, 1993. Resolution No. 042793.1, duly passed and approved by the City Council of Coppell, Texas, Mark Wolfe, Mayor, Linda Grau, Assistant City Secretary, b:\Pub Sch Pra.Res.

1993MO001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Missouri, May 3, 1993, the State of Missouri issued an Executive Proclamation declaring November 21-November 27, 1993, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Mel Carnahan and the Secretary of State, in the Capitol City of Jefferson. A similar Proclamation was also signed May 17, 1994. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1993US003. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Court of Appeals-7th Circuit, May 17, 1993. Walsh v. Boy Scouts of America. USA Today, May 19, 1993. National Reports (Reston, VA: Intercessors For America, July/August 1993), Vol. 20, No.7/8, p. 8. Appeals Court Panel Rules Boy Scouts Can Exclude Atheists (Chicago: United Press International, May 18, 1993). News Reporter (White Springs, FL: People's Network, Inc., May 31, 1993), Vol. II, No. 9, p. 4. Appeals Court Panel Rules Boy Scouts Can Exclude Atheists (Chicago: United Press International, May 18, 1993).

1993US004. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, June 7, 1993, Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches. Jay Sekulow, Supreme Court Case Update (Virginia Beach, VA: American Center for Law and Justice, 1993).

1993US005. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, June 7, 1993, Lambs Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District. Steve Fitschen, "ACLJ Wins Lamb's Chapel" (Chesapeake, VA: Christian American, July\August 1993), p. 19. From the Official Transcript.

Keith A. Fournier, Religious Cleansing in the American Republic (Washington, D.C.: Liberty, Life, and Family Publications, 1993), p. 3.

1993US006. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, June 7, 1993, Justice White, Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District, in a 9-0 unanimous decision, overturning a ruling by the Second U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals. Jay Alan Sekulow, "Chief Counsel's

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Report-For the year 1992-1993" (Virginia Beach, VA: The American Center for Law and Justice, 1993), p. 1.

1993US007. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, June 7, 1993, in the case of Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District, Justice Scalia in his concurring opinion. Keith A. Fournier, Religious Cleansing in the American Republic (Washington, D.C.: Liberty, Life, and Family Publication, 1993), p. 38.

1993US008. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, June 7, 1993, Jones v. Clear Creek School District, upholding decision of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. Jay Sekulow, Supreme Court Case Update (Virginia Beach, VA: American Center for Law and Justice, 1993). Student Prayer Wins A Victory At The Supreme Court (St.Paul, MN: The Wanderer, June 17, 1993), Vol. 124, No. 24, pp. 1, 8.

1993US009. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Supreme Court, June 7, 1993, Jones v. Clear Creek Independent School District, 977 F. 2d 963, 972, (5th Cir. 1992), upheld by the Supreme Court; quoting from Westside Community Schools v. Mergens, 496, U.S. 226, 250 (1990). Special Bulletin (Virginia Beach, VA: American Center for Law and Justice, 1993), pt.

I. Graduation Prayer. United States Supreme Court, June 26, 1995, U.S. Supreme Court dismissed a 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals case in which student Samuel Harris challenged Idaho's Grangeville High School's practice of allowing student-led prayers at graduation ceremonies. Associated Press, "Ban lifted on student-led graduation prayers in Idaho case" (Dallas, TX: The Dallas Morning News, Communications Center, Dallas, Texas, 75265, June 27, 1995),

p. 4A.

1993TN001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Tennessee, June 21, 1993, issued an Executive Proclamation declaring August 29-September 4, 1993, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Ned McWherter and Secretary of State Riley C. Darnell, in the Capitol City of Nashville. Similar Proclamations were signed November 21, 1994 and March 26, 1992. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1993TX002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Texas Supreme Court, June 30, 1993, Ex Parte: Reverend Keith Tucci. Jay Alan Sekulow, "Chief Counsel's Report-For the year 1992-1993" (Virginia Beach, VA: The American Center for Law and Justice, 1993), p. 3.

1993US010. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States District Court, July 1993, in the case of Black v. City of Atlanta. Pat Robertson, (Virginia Beach, VA: The American Center of Law and Justice, July 1993), pp. 1-2.

1993US011. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Court of Appeals-10th Circuit, July 12, 1993, Cannon v. City and County of Denver, in a unanimous decision. Jay Alan Sekulow, "Chief Counsel's Report-For the year 1992-1993" (Virginia Beach, VA: The American Center for Law and Justice, 1993), pp. 2-3.

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1993OK001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Oklahoma State Court, July 15, 1993, District Judge Robert J. Scott granting summary judgement for the defendants in the case of Crowley, Gaines and Ries v. Tltn. (Case No. CJ-92-3279).

1993WI001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Wisconsin, September 20, 1993, the State of Wisconsin issued an Executive Proclamation declaring October 3-October 9, 1993, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Tommy G. Thompson and Secretary of State Douglas La Follet, in the Capitol City of Madison. A similar Proclamation was also signed November 1, 1994. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1993US012. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Court of Appeals-11th Circuit, October 18, 1993, in the case of Chabad-Lubavitch of Georgia v. Miller, No. 92-8008. Jay Alan Sekulow, Letter to Mayors (Virginia Beach, VA: The American Center for Law and Justice, November 19, 1993), p. 3.

1993KY001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Kentucky, November 1, 1993, the State of Kentucky issued an Executive Proclamation declaring November 21-November 27, 1993, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Brereton C. Jones and Secretary of State Robert A. Babbage, in the Capitol City of Frankfort. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1993DE001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Delaware, November 14, 1993, the State of Delaware issued an Executive Proclamation declaring November 14-20, 1993, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Thomas R. Carper, and Lieutenant Governor Ruth Ann Minner.

Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1993OH001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Ohio, November 17, 1993, the State of Ohio issued an Executive Proclamation declaring November 21-November 27, 1993, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor George V. Voinovich, in the Capitol City of Columbus. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V.

24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1993RI001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Rhode Island, November 17, 1993, the State of Rhode Island issued an Executive Proclamation declaring November 21-November 27, 1993, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Bruce Sundlun and Secretary of State Barbara M. Leonard. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1993HI001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Hawaii, December 30, 1993, the State of Hawaii issued an Executive Proclamation declaring February 12-22, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor John Waihee, in the Capitol City of Honolulu. Courtesy of Bruce

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Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1993NY001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). New York Supreme Court, December 30, 1993, in the Appellate Division case of Alfonso

v. Fernandez. "What Are They Teaching in the Public Schools?" The Phyllis Schlafly Report (Alton, IL: Eagle Trust Fund, January 1994), Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 3-4.

1993ME001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Maine Constitution, 1993, as amended and revised by Chief Justice.

1994WV001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). West Virginia, March 12, 1994, passed into law Senate Bill No. 42, signed by Governor Gaston Caperton, sponsored by West Virginia State Senators Tony Whitlow (304) 487-8329, Anderson, Miller, Claypole, Ross and Hemlick, and endorsed by the West Virginia chapter of the National Society of Colonial Dames of America, Mrs.

Edmund C. Stone, (304) 327-7783. Article V, County Board of Education; Section 18-5-41: Content based censorship of American history prohibited. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1994WV002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). West Virginia, March 30, 1994, Governor Gaston Caperton, as he signed Senate Bill No. 42 into law, prohibiting censorship of historical documents because of religious content. Rose Roccisano, "Senate Bill 42, New State Law protects historical documents that mention God" (Huntington, W.V.: The Herald-Dispatch, June 4, 1994). Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1994VA001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Virginia, March 13, 1994, the State of Virginia issued an Executive Proclamation declaring March 13-March 19, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor George Allen and the Secretary of State Betsy Davis Beamer. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1994IN001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Indiana, April 18, 1994, in an Executive Proclamation declaring November 20-26, 1993, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Evan Bayh and Secretary of State Joseph H. Hogsett, in the Capitol City of Indianapolis. A similar Proclamation was also signed on October 12, 1993. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1994CA001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). California Supreme Court, May 16, 1994, San Francisco, California, in the majority opinion delivered by Chief Justice Malcolm Lucas. Los Angeles Times. "Court rules that killing fetus during crime can be murder," The Dallas Morning News, (Dallas, TX: Tuesday, May 17, 1994, p. 3A.

1994AK001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Alaska, August 3, 1994, in a State of Alaska Executive Proclamation declaring November 20-

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November 26, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Walter

J. Hickel; also signed November 9, 1993, by Governor Walter J. Hickel. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1994NM001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). New Mexico, August 4, 1994, the State of New Mexico issued an Executive Proclamation declaring October 16-October 22, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Bruce King and Secretary of State Stephanie Gonzales. Similar Proclamations were signed August 31, 1993 and September 25, 1991. Maria D. Bozone, Citizens for Excellence in Education, 10200 2nd Street NW #28, Albuquerque, NM 87114-898-8707. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1994MS001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Mississippi, August 24, 1994, the State of Mississippi issued an Executive Proclamation declaring November 20-November 26, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Kirk Fordice and Secretary of State, D.M., in the Capitol City of Jackson. A similar Proclamation was also signed August 23, 1993.

Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1994AL001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Alabama, September 28, 1994, in a State of Alabama Executive Proclamation declaring November 20-26, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Jim Folsom, in the City of Montgomery. This Proclamation was also signed August 13, 1993, by Governor Jim Folsom; and December 23, 1992, by Governor Guy Hunt. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1994IA001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Iowa, October 4, 1994, the State of Iowa issued an Executive Proclamation declaring November 20-November 26, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by the Office of Governor, Terry E. Branstad and Secretary of State Elaine Baxter, in the Capitol City of Des Moine. A similar Proclamation was also signed on March 31, 1992. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1994IA002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Idaho, October 16, 1994, the State of Idaho issued an Executive Proclamation declaring October 16-22, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Cecil D. Andrus and Secretary of State Pete T. Cenarrusa, in the Capitol City of Boise. A similar Proclamation was signed March 23, 1992. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707,

304-384-9044 fax).

1994KY001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Kentucky, November 18, 1994, the State of Kentucky issued an Executive Proclamation declaring November 20-November 26, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Brereton C. Jones and Secretary of State Robert A.

American Quotations 2013 – William J. Federer 3393

Babbage, in the Capitol City of Frankfort. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1994SC001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). South Carolina, November 20, 1994, the State of South Carolina issued an Executive Proclamation declaring November 20-November 26, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Carroll A. Campbell, Jr. A similar Proclamation was signed November 21, 1993. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1995IL001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Illinois, February 1, 1995, the State of Illinois issued an Executive Proclamation declaring November 19-25, 1995, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed in the City of Springfield by Governor Jim Edgar and Secretary of State George H. Ryan.

Similar Proclamations were also signed April 5, 1994; June 24, 1993. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1995WV001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). West Virginia, February 10, 1995, in an Executive Proclamation declaring November 19-November 25, 1993, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Gaston Caperton and Secretary of State Ken Hechler, in the Capitol City of Charleston. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1995LA001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Louisiana, March 20, 1995, the State of Louisiana issued an Executive Proclamation declaring November 19-November 25, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Edwin W. Edwards and the Secretary of State, in the Capitol City of Baton Rouge. (Similar Proclamations were also signed March 23, 1994; June 30, 1993). Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1995WI001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Wisconsin, June 12, 1995, in an Executive Proclamation declaring November 19-November 25, 1995, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Tommy G. Thompson and Secretary of State Douglas La Follet, in the Capitol City of Madison.

Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1995NC001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). North Carolina, August 14, 1995, in an Executive Proclamation declaring November 19-26, 1995, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor James B. Hunt, Jr.

Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1995NJ001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). New Jersey, October 31, 1995, in an Executive Proclamation declaring November 19-November 25, 1995, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Christine Todd Whitman and Secretary of State Lonna R. Hooks. Courtesy of

American Quotations 2013 – William J. Federer 3394

Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1995TN001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Tennessee, November 15, 1995, in an Executive Proclamation declaring November 19-November 25, 1995, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Don Sundquist and Secretary of State Riley C. Darnell, in the Capitol City of Nashville. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1995CT001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Connecticut, November 19, 1995, in an Executive Proclamation declaring November 19-November 25, 1995 as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor John G. Rowland. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1995NY001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). New York, November 19, 1995, in an Executive Proclamation declaring November 19-November 25, 1995, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor George

E. Pataki. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1996MI001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Michigan, July 1, 1996, in an Executive Proclamation declaring November 24-November 30, 1996, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor John Engler (A similar Proclamation was issued April 7, 1994). Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707,

304-384-9044 fax).

1996MS001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Mississippi, July 23, 1996, in an Executive Proclamation declaring November 24-November 30, 1996, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Kirk Fordice, in the Capitol City of Jackson. (A similar Proclamation was also signed November 16, 1995). Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1996KY001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Kentucky, August 1, 1996, in an Executive Proclamation declaring November 24-November 30, 1996, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Paul E. Patton and Secretary of State John Y. Brown, in the Capitol City of Frankfort. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1996AR001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Arkansas, August 21, 1996, issued an Executive Proclamation declaring November 24-November 30, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Mike Huckabee and Secretary of State Sharon Priest. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

1996MD001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Maryland, November 24, 1996, in an Executive Proclamation declaring November 24-November 30, 1996, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Parris

American Quotations 2013 – William J. Federer 3395

N. Glendening and Secretary of State John J. Willis. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax).

2001MS001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Mississippi, March 23, 2001, Governor Ronnie Musgrove signed a bill into law requiring public schools to display the U.S. National Motto "In God We Trust." Saint Louis MetroVoice (P.O. Box 220010, St. Louis, MO 63122), Vol. 11, No. 5, May 2001, p. 6.

2001WV001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). West Virginia, June 6, 2001, in an Executive Proclamation declaring November 18-November 24, 2001, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed by Governor Bob Wise and Secretary of State Joe Manchin III. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, America's Christian Heritage Week (P.O. Box 382, White Sulphur Springs, W.V. 24986; 304-536-9029, www.achw.org).

2001US001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). September 13, 2001, in a joint resolution issued by House Majority Leader Dick Army. Subj: America, Democracy will be Vindicated, Date: 9/13/2001 4:57:06 AM Central Daylight Time, From: Majority.Leader_Office@mail.house.gov (Majority Leader's Office) Office of the House Majority Leader For immediate release-Contact: Terry Holt or Greg Crist, September 12, 2001 (202) 225-6007. For more information, visit www.freedom.gov

2001US002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Congress, Tuesday, October 16, 2001, 107th CONGRESS, 1st Session, H. CON. RES. 248, CONCURRENT RESOLUTION, http://thomas.loc.gov. "'God Bless America' Displays Endorsed," WASHINGTON (Associated Press), http://dailynews.yahoo.com/htx/ap/20011016/pl/god_bless_america_1.html.

2001US003. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Congress, Tuesday, October 16, 2001, 107th CONGRESS, 1st Session, H. CON. RES. 248, CONCURRENT RESOLUTION, http://thomas.loc.gov. "'God Bless America' Displays Endorsed," WASHINGTON (Associated Press), http://dailynews.yahoo.com/htx/ap/20011016/pl/god_bless_america_1.html.

2001US004. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). United States Congress, November 16, 2001, Wednesday, both Houses of the 107th Congress concurrently passed Senate Congressional Resolution 83, Washington, D.C. (SCR83 http://thomas.loc.gov).

2002MD001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Maryland Constitution, November 5, 2002.

2006DE001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Delaware Legal Code Annotated, 2006, TITLE 10, CHAPTER 53. OATHS, Subchapter II. Procedure and Form of Oaths, SECTION 5321. Code 1852, § 2359; Code 1915, § 4245; Code 1935, § 4715; 10 Del. C. 1953, § 5321; 70 Del. Laws, c. 186, § 1. SECTION 5322. Uplifted hand. Code 1852, § 2360; Code 1915, § 4247; Code 1935, § 4717; 10 Del. C. 1953, § 5322; 70 Del. Laws, c. 186, § 1.) SECTION 5324. Non-Christians. Code 1852, § 2362; Code 1915, § 4249; Code 1935, § 4719; 10 Del. C. 1953, § 5324; 70 Del. Laws, c. 186, § 1. TITLE 27, Religion, CHAPTER 1. RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES AND CORPORATIONS, SECTION 114. Formation of Protestant Episcopal Church corporations. 26 Del. Laws, c. 89, § 10; Code 1915, § 2173; Code 1935, § 2480; 27 Del. C. 1953, § 114. SECTION 115. Formation of Roman Catholic Church corporations. 19 Del. Laws, c. 599, § 1; Code 1915, § 2716; Code 1935, § 2483; 27 Del. C. 1953, § 115; 59 Del. Laws, c. 29. SECTION 116. Additional powers of Roman Catholic Church corporations. 19 Del. Laws, c. 599, § 2; Code 1915, § 2177; Code 1935, § 2484; 27 Del. C. 1953, § 116.) SECTION 117. 19 Del. Laws, c. 599, § 3; Code 1915, § 2178; Code 1935, § 2485; 27 Del. C. 1953, § 117. SECTION 118. 19 Del. Laws, c. 599, § 4; Code 1915, § 2179; Code 1935, § 2486; 27 Del. C. 1953, § 118. TITLE 27, Religion, CHAPTER 3. SUNDAY SCHOOLS AND YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS, SECTION 301. 13 Del. Laws, c. 419, § 1; Code 1915, § 2186; Code 1935, § 2493; 27 Del. C. 1953, § 301. TITLE 27, Religion, CHAPTER 5. SABBATH SCHOOLS, SECTION 501. Code 1852, § 703; Code 1915, § 2191; Code 1935, § 2498; 27 Del. C. 1953, § 502. TITLE 27, Religion, CHAPTER 7. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS, SECTION 701. 29 Del. Laws, c. 263, § 1; Code 1935, § 4110; 27 Del. C. 1953, § 701. SECTION 703. 29 Del. Laws, c. 263, § 3; Code 1935, § 4112; 27 Del. C. 1953, § 703. SECTION 704. 29 Del. Laws, c. 263, § 4; Code 1935, § 4113; 27 Del. C. 1953, § 704.

2006CT001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Connecticut religious affiliation, 2006, The Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut#Religion.

2006DE002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Delaware religious affiliation, 2006, The Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware#Religion.

2006GA001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Georgia religious affiliation, 2006, The Wikipedia Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_ percent28U.S._state percent29#Religion, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion.

2006ME001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Maine religious affiliation, 2006, The Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine#Religion.

2006MD001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Maryland religious affiliation, 2006, The Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland#Religion.

2006MA001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Massachusetts religious affiliations, 2006, The Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#Religion.

2006MA002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). General Laws of Massachusetts, Part IV, Crimes, Punishments and Proceedings in Criminal Cases, Title I, Crimes Against Chastity, Morality, Decency and Good Order, Chapter 272: Section 36. Blasphemy, Section 36.

2006NH001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). New Hampshire religious affiliation, 2006, The Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire#Religion, http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577742_5/New_Hampshire.html.

2006NJ001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). New Jersey religious affiliation, 2006, The Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_jersey#Religion.

2006NY001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). New York religious affiliation, 2006, The Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_york#Religion.

2006NC001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). North Carolina religious affiliation, 2006, The Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_carolina#Religion.

2006NC002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). North Carolina Law, Section 14 197, Using profane or indecent language on public highways 2006PA001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Pennsylvania religious affiliation, 2006, The Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania.

2006RI001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Rhode Island religious affiliation, 2006, The Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island#Religion.

2006RI002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Rhode Island Penal Code, Title 11, Criminal Offenses, Chapter 11-11, Disorderly Conduct Section 11-11-5.

2006SC001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). South Carolina religious affiliation, 2006, The Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina#Religion.

2006VT001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Vermont religious affiliation, 2006, The Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont#Religion.

2006VA001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Virginia religious affiliations, 2006, Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia#Religion.

2007PE001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Pew Religious Landscape Survey, 2007

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