Jacob Duche' (January 31, 1738-January 3, 1798) was the Anglican clergyman. At the request of the Continental Congress, opened the first session of Congress with prayer. As recorded in the Journals of the Continental Congress, the first official act of Congress, immediately upon receiving the news that British troops had attacked Boston, was to open in prayer:
<Tuesday, September 6, 1774. Resolved, That the Rev. Mr. Duche' be desired to open the Congress tomorrow morning with prayers, at the Carpenter's Hall, at 9 o'clock.> 1738JD001
The 35th Psalm, the Psalter for September 7th, was read by Rev. Mr. Jacob Duche' in the first Continental Congress:
<Plead my cause, Oh, Lord, with them that strive with me, fight against them that fight against me. Take hold of buckler and shield, and rise up for my help. Draw also the spear and the battle-axe to meet those who pursue me; Say to my soul, "I am your salvation." Let those be ashamed and dishonored who seek my life; Let those be turned back and humiliated who devise evil against me.> 1738JD002
Rev. Mr. Jacob Duche' in Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, proceeded extemporaneously to offer the First Prayer in Congress on September 7, 1774:
<Be Thou present, O God of Wisdom, and direct the counsel of this Honorable Assembly; enable them to settle all things on the best and surest foundations; that the scene of blood may be speedily closed; that Order, Harmony and Peace may be effectually restored, and that Truth and Justice, Religion and Piety, prevail and flourish among the people.> 1738JD003
Preserve the health of their bodies, and the vigor of their minds, shower down on them, and the millions they here represent, such temporal Blessings as Thou seest expedient for them in this world, and crown them with everlasting Glory in the world to come. All this we ask in the name and through the merits of Jesus Christ, Thy Son and our Saviour, Amen.
The Journals of Congress record Congress' appreciation to Rev. Mr. Jacob Duche':
<Wednesday, September 7, 1774, 9 o'clock a.m. Agreeable to the resolve of yesterday, the meeting was opened with prayers by the Rev. Mr. Duche'. Voted, That the thanks of Congress be given to Mr. Duche'...for performing divine Service, and for the excellent prayer, which he composed and delivered on the occasion.> 1738JD004
On May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress met at the State House in Philadelphia and voted:
<That the Rev. Mr. Duche' be requested to open the Congress with prayers tomorrow morning; and that Mr. Willing, Mr. Sullivan, and Mr. Bland be a Committee to wait on Mr. Duche', and acquaint him with the request of the Congress.> 1738JD007
The next morning he appeared and officiated, then Congress:
<Resolved, That the thanks of Congress be given to the Reverend Mr. Duche', for performing Divine Service, agreeable to the desire of Congress, and for his excellent prayer, so well adapted to the present occasion.> 1738JD008
On July 7, 1775, Rev. Jacob Duché preached to the First Battalion of the City of Philadelphia in his church. His sermon, published at his request, was titled "The Duty of Standing Fast in Our Spiritual and Temporal Liberties" and began with the text Galatians, chapter 5, "Stand fast, therefore, in the Liberty wherewith Christ hath made us free":
<Galatians, Chap. 5 Part of First Verse. 'Stand fast, therefore, in the Liberty wherewith Christ hath made us free.'
Gentlemen of the First Battalion of the City and Liberties of Philadelphia,
Though I readily accepted of the invitation, with which you were pleased to honor me, and am fully satisfied that there can be no impropriety in complying with your request, yet I confess, that I now feel such an uncommon degree of diffidence, as nothing but a sense of duty, and a sincere sympathy with you in your present trying circumstances could enable me to overcome. The occasion is of the first importance: the subject in a great measure new to me - Throwing myself, therefore, upon your candor and indulgence, considering myself under the twofold character of a minister of Jesus Christ, and a fellow- citizen of the same state, and involved in the same public calamity with yourselves; and looking up for counsel and direction to the source of all wisdom, "who giveth liberally to those that ask it" - I have made choice of a passage of scripture, which will give me an opportunity of addressing myself to you as freemen, both in the spiritual and temporal sense of the word, and of suggesting to you such a mode of conduct, as will be most likely, under the blessing of Heaven, to ensure to you the enjoyment of these two kinds of liberty. Stand fast, therefore, in the liberty, wherewith Christ hath made us free.
The inspired Author of this excellent admonition was so sensible of the invaluable blessings and comforts that resulted from that free spirit, with which Jesus Christ through His ministry, had established his Galatian converts, that he was jealous of the least attempt to destroy or even obstruct in them its life-giving operation. He could not brook the narrow spirit of those Judaizing Christians, who, from the most selfish and illiberal motives, sought to force a yoke upon the necks of their Gentile brethren, which neither they themselves nor their fathers had been able to bear. These Gentiles too he severely reproves for not maintaining their ground, and asserting their Gospel freedom against the insidious devices of their brethren who only wanted to bring them into servitude, "that they might glory in their flesh." - "O foolish Galatians! Who hath bewitched you?" He ascribes their blindness and infatuation to some diabolical charm, which had locked up the powers of their free-born spirits, and made them tamely submit to slavish, carnal ordinances, which the Gospel of Jesus had entirely exploded and abolished. He reminds them, by a spirited explication of a most striking allegory, that they were not "Children of the bond-woman, but of the free;" that their observance of the ceremonial law was a tribute, which they were not bound to pay; or, if they should be so weak as to submit to it, that it could not emancipate them from the bondage of earth and hell; but that their real freedom, their full and complete justification, their happiness temporal and eternal were only to be acquired by a vigorous exertion of those spiritual powers within themselves, which, through the riches of God's free grace in Christ Jesus, had been communicated to their souls. He concludes this part of his address with the truly noble and apostolical precept of my text: Stand fast, therefore, in the liberty, wherewith Christ hath made us free.
Having thus briefly opened the occasion and meaning of the words, I shall proceed to show, in the first place, what we are to understand by that spiritual liberty, "wherewith Christ hat made us free," and what kind of conduct that must be, which is here expressed by the words "stand fast."
I. However severe, my dear brethren, the loss of our temporal liberties may be, there is certainly a bondage far more severe than this, yea, far more cruel, than that of Israel under their Egyptian task-masters. A bondage, not only to men, but to the fallen spirits of darkness, seeking to exercise over us a joint power and dominion with our own irregular and corrupt passions. A bondage universal, from which no son of Adam hat ever been exempt; a tyranny, whose baleful influences have been felt from the fall of man down to this very day. It has seized not only upon the body, but upon the soul. It has erected its throne in the heart, and from thence imposes its arbitrary decrees. It is confined to no age or sex, no state or condition of human life. High and low, learned and unlearned, the savage and the sage, are alike the victims of this despotic power, alike slaves by nature under this bondage of corruption.
It is perpetually manifesting itself under a variety of forms, according to our prevailing desires and pursuits. It follows us into the Sanctuary of God. It steals into our private devotions. It gives a pharisaical tincture to our best good works. It reigns as a matter and absolute sovereign in the wicked and unregenerate. Yea, it frequently enters the most spiritual and regenerate hearts in hostile form, and seeks to shake their confidence in the goodness of their true and rightful Sovereign, and their humble hope of deliverance through the redeeming power of His ever blessed Son.
Now, who would not wish to be delivered from such a bondage as this?
And yet, my brethren, such a wish cannot be formed, 'till, by divine grace, the freeborn powers of the soul are brought to be sensible of their burden, and to groan beneath the weight of oppression. "The whole (or they that think themselves whole) need not a physician, but they that are sick." The madman hugs his chains, as if they were ensigns of royalty. Insensible of his calamity, he cannot even wish for relief.
But no sooner does the child of grace, the offspring of Heaven come to feel the bondage of the infernal usurper; no sooner does he find himself harassed and oppressed by the obedience which he exacts to his unrighteous laws; no sooner is he convinced, that such an obedience must terminate in ever-lasting slavery and wretchedness, than he awakens from his sleep of security, and turns to and avails himself of that light, and strength, and spiritual courage and constancy, which his Redeemer is ever at hand to impart, and without which he feels himself absolutely unequal to the conflict, and incapable of extricating himself from the ignoble servitude.
From hence then it appears, that the liberty, with which Christ hath made us free, is nothing less than such a release from the arbitrary power of sin, such an enlargement of the soul by the efficacy of divine grace, and such a total surrender of the will and affections, to the influence and guidance of the divine Spirit, ("for we are made a willing people in the day of God's power") as will enable us to live in the habitual cheerful practice of every grace and virtue here, and qualify us for the free, full and uninterrupted enjoyment of heavenly life and liberty hereafter.
These glorious privileges being once obtained, the sinner being once justified, and adopted into the family of God, and having received the seal of his heavenly citizenship, the conduct recommended to him in my text as the most effectual for the preservation of these privileges, is here expressed by the words "stand fast:" that is to say:
"Maintain, firm and unshaken, the ground which Christ hath given you.
Be ever vigilant and prepared against the open or insidious attacks of your adversary."
He is not commanded to march upon the Devil's ground, to seek out the tempter or the temptation, in order to make a trial of his strength, or merely that he may have the honor of a victory: But only to "stand fast,' to act upon the defensive, and armed at all points with a celestial panoply, to be ready to resist and repel the most daring attempts of his perfidious foe: As well knowing, that if he suffers himself to be taken captive, slavery and woe must be his everlasting portion; but, if he comes off conqueror from the conflict, that the life, liberty and joys of Heaven will be his everlasting reward.
Thus far have I traveled in a well known path, and spoken a language familiar to most of you, and which you have long been accustomed to hear from this pulpit.
II. I am now to strike into another path, which, though it may not always terminate in such glorious sense of never-ending felicity as the former, yet, if steadfastly pursued, will conduct the sons of men to an happiness, of an inferior kind indeed, but highly necessary to their present temporary state of existence in this world.
If spiritual liberty calls upon its pious votaries to extend their views far forward to a glorious hereafter, civil liberty must at least be allowed to secure, in a considerable degree, our well-being here. And I believe it will be no difficult matter to prove, that the latter is as much the gift of God in Christ Jesus as the former, and consequently, that we are bound to stand fast in our civil as well as our spiritual freedom.
From what hath been said under my first head of discourse, I think it must appear, that liberty, traced to her true source, is of heavenly extraction, that divine Virtue is her illustrious parent, that from eternity to eternity they have been and must be inseparable companions, and that the hearts of all intelligent beings are the living temples, in which they ought to be jointly worshipped.
We have the authority of divine Revelation to assert, that this globe of earth was once the favored spot, on which she was sent to reside, and that the first man felt and enjoyed her divine influence within and around him. But the same Revelation tells us, what our own experience cannot but confirm, that when man lost his virtue, he lost his liberty too; and from that fatal period, became subject to the bondage of corruption, the slave of irregular passions, at war with himself and his own species, an alien form his native country, a sorrowful stranger and a weary pilgrim in this world of woe.
It was not only to put him into a capacity of regaining his forfeited heavenly bliss, but to mitigate, likewise, the sorrows of his earthly sojourn, that he everlasting Jesus, in and by whom God originally created man, vouchsafed to communicate to him, when fallen, a ray of hope, a spark of heavenly light, wisdom, power and goodness, by which, through the effectual workings of his grace, he might, in future time, inspire him and his hapless posterity with such principles as would lead them to know, contend for and enjoy liberty in its largest, noblest extent.
Whatever of order, truth, equity and good government is to be found among the sons of men, they are solely indebted for to this everlasting Counselor, This Prince of Peace. By nature surrounded with innumerable wants, which his own single unassisted hand could by no means supply, exposed to innumerable dangers, which his utmost strength and sharpest foresight could not possibly ward off, it must surely have been this wisdom of the Father, that first taught man, by social compact, to secure to himself the possession of those necessaries and comforts, which are so dear and valuable to his natural life. And though no particular mode of government is pointed out to us in his holy gospel, yet the benevolent spirit of that gospel is directly opposed to every other form, than such as his the common good of mankind for its end and aim.
Now this common good is matter of common feeling. And hence it is, that our best writers, moral and political, as well clergy as laity, have asserted, that true government can have no other foundation than common consent. 'Tis the power, the wisdom, the majesty of the people committed to one, to a few, or to many - yea, in some hitherto favored states, the one, the few, and the many, have been entrusted together, that they might mutually control and be controlled by each other.
Inasmuch, therefore, as this solemn delegation was intended for the good of the whole; inasmuch as all rulers are in fact the servants of the public, and appointed for no other purpose than to be "a terror to evil-doers, and a praise to them that do well, whenever this divine order is inverted, whenever these rulers abuse their sacred trust, by unrighteous attempts to injure, oppress, and enslave those very persons, from whom alone, under God, their power is derived
- does not humanity, does not reason, does not scripture call upon the man, the citizen, the Christian of a community to "stand fast in that liberty wherewith Christ (in their very birth, as well as by succeeding appointments of His providence) hath made them free?"
The Apostle enjoins us to "submit to every ordinance of man for the Lord's sake." But surely a submission to the unrighteous ordinances of unrighteous men, cannot be "For the Lord's sake: For "he loveth righteousness, and His countenance beholds the things that are just."
Possessed, therefore, of these principles - principles, upon which the present constitution of Britain was happily settled at one of her most glorious and memorable areas, and upon which alone it can still be supported - Possessed of these principles, I trust it will be no difficult matter to satisfy your consciences with respect to the righteousness of the cause, in which you are now engaged.
The struggle, 'tis true, is an unnatural one. The hard necessity of standing upon our defense against our brethren, children of the same family, educated in the same manners, the same religion with ourselves, bound together by a long reciprocation of endearing offices, by a long participation of common blessings, and of common dangers and distresses, mutually protecting and protected by each other. - The had necessity, I say, of defending ourselves, our just and undoubted rights against such unnatural adversaries, (though sadly to be lamented, as one of the heaviest judgments with which Heaven could visit us for our iniquities) ought not, however, to make us surrender a discretion, or discourage us from "standing fast in that liberty, wherewith Christ (as the great providential Governor of the world) hath made us free."
We venerate the parent land from whence our progenitors came. We wish to look up to her as the guardian, not the invader of her children's rights. We glory in the name of children - And children too, that have arrived at years of discretion.
But, if we are to judge from the late ungenerous and ill-digested plans of policy, which have been adopted by those whom she hath entrusted with the powers of administration, we cannot but think, that they began to be jealous of our rising glory, and, from an ill-grounded apprehension of our aiming at independency, were desirous of checking our growth.
Yet why this unseasonable and unrighteous jealousy? - We wish not to interfere with that commercial system, which they have hitherto pursued. We have not even stretched our expectations beyond the line, which they themselves had drawn. We wish not to possess the golden groves of Asia, to sparkle in the public eye with jewels torn from the brows of weeping Nabobs, or to riot on the spoils of plundered provinces 1 We rather tremble for the parent state, and would fain keep off from our own borders, those luxuries, which may perhaps already have impaired her constitutional vigor. We only wish, that what we have, we may be able to call our own; that those fruits of honest industry, which our ancestors had acquired, or those which have been, or may be added to them by the sweat of our own brows, should not be wrested from us by the hand of violence, but left to our own free disposal' satisfied as we are in our consciences, that when constitutionally called upon, we shall not give "grudgingly of necessity", but cheerfully and liberally.
And as to any pretensions to, or even desire of independency, have we not openly disavowed them in all our petitions, representations and remonstrances? Have we not repeatedly and solemnly professed an inviolable loyalty to the person, power and dignity of our sovereign, and unanimously declared, that it is not with him we contend, but with an envious cloud of false witnesses, that surround his throne, and intercept the sunshine of his favor from our oppressed land?
If, notwithstanding all this, Britain or rather some degenerate sons of Britain, and enemies to our common liberty, still persist in embracing a delusion, and believing a lie - if the sword is still unsheathed against us, and submit or perish is the sanguinary decree - why then.....I cannot close the sentence - Indulge a minster of Jesus! - My soul shrinks back with horror from the tragic scene of fraternal slaughter - and the free spirit of the citizen is arrester by the tenderness of gospel love - Gracious God! stop the precious effusion of British and American blood - too precious to be spare in any other cause than the joint interest of both against a common foe!
Pained, as I am at this melancholy prospect, I mean not, however, to decline addressing you in your military capacity, and suggesting such a conduct for the preservation of your temporal rights, as by the blessing of Heaven, will be most likely to ensure your success.
"STAND FAST" then
1. "Stand Fast" by a strong faith and dependence upon Jesus Christ, the great Captain of your salvation. Enlist under the banner of His cross. And let this motto be written upon your hearts, IN HOC SIGNO VINCES, "UNDER THIS STANDARD THOU SHALT OVERCOME."
2. "Stand Fast" by a virtuous and unshaken unanimity. Of such an unanimity, you have a most striking example now before your eyes - three millions of people, or a vast majority of them, bound by no other ties than those of honor and public virtue, voluntarily submitting to the wise political determinations of an honorable Council of Delegates assembled by their own free and unbiased choice. Avail yourselves of this illustrious example. Be unanimous in your particular department. And as one refractory spirit may defeat the best-devised plan of operations, and throw your whole corps into confusion, see that this unanimity be productive of a just and becoming subordination.
Remember, the gentlemen who command you are your neighbors, friends and fellow-citizens, who have their ALL at stake as well as you. Their authority has not been imposed upon you. They were invested with it by yourselves. 'Tis surely your part then to support them in the just execution of it; not doubting, but that on their part they will always consider, that they are not called to lord it over mercenaries, but affectionately to command freemen and fellow-sufferers. Accustom yourselves, therefore, to discipline now; or else, when the day of trial comes, (which Heaven avert!) you will too late lament your unhappy neglect.
3. "Stand Fast" by an undaunted courage and magnanimity. And here give me leave to remind you, that there is a kind of courage, which seems to be merely animal or constitutional. - This may stand a soldier in good stead perhaps for a few moments amid the heat of battle, when his blood and spirits are set on fire by the warlike sound of drums and trumpets. But I would have you possessed of more than this, even a courage that will prove you to be good Christians, as well as soldiers, a firm invincible fortitude of soul, founded upon religion, and the glorious hope of a better world; a courage, that will enable you not only to withstand an armed phalanx, to pierce a squadron, or force an entrenchment, when the cause of virtue and your country calls you to such a service, but will support you, likewise, against the principalities and powers of darkness, will stand by you under to assaults of pain and sickness, and give you firmness and consolation amid all the horrors of a death-bed scene.
Such a courage as this too will always be tempered with prudence, humanity, and greatness of soul. It will never degenerate into savage cruelty and barbarity. If to spread undistinguishing ruin and devastation through a country; if with more than Gothic rage, to break into the sweet retreats of domestic felicity and drive the aged and the helpless from their once quiet habitations...O my God! If this be heroism, if this be military virtue - suffer not our people to learn the destructive art. Let them rather continue to be injured and oppressed themselves, than taught thus wantonly to injure and oppress others. This caution, however, is unnecessary to you. Permit me, then only to observe, that in our present circumstances, we contend not for victory, but for liberty and peace.
Nor let me dismiss this head of advice without reminding you of the glorious stand that hath been already made for us by our northern brethren, and calling upon you to thank Heaven for his great and gracious interposition. Surely "the Lord of Hosts was with them" - surely "the God of Jacob was their refuge."
...Drop a pious tear to the memory of the illustrious slain - and let them yet live in the annals of American freedom.
Lastly, "Stand Fast" by a steady constancy and perseverance.
Difficulties unlooked for may yet arise, and trials present themselves sufficient to shake the utmost firmness of human fortitude. Be prepared, therefore, for the worst. Suffer not your spirits to evaporate by too violent an ebullition now. Be not too eager to bring matters to an extremity; lest you should be wearied out by a continued exertion, and your constancy should fail you at the most important crisis. Coolly and deliberately wait for those events which are in the hands of providence, and depend upon him alone for strength and expedients suited to your necessities.
In a word, my brethren - though the worst should come - though we should be deprived of all the conveniences and elegancies of life - though we should be cut off from all our usual sources of commerce, and constrained, as many of our poor brethren have already been, to abandon our present comfortable habitations - let us, nevertheless, "Stand Fast" as the guardians of liberty - And though we should not be able to entertain the Heaven-born maid, with such affluence and splendor, as we have hitherto done, let us still keep close to her side, as our inseparable companion, preserve her from the violence of her adversaries, and, if at last necessary, be content to retire with her to those peaceful, though homely retreats of rural life, in which she was first entertained by our venerable ancestors - determined to contend to the very last for such an illustrious prize, and never to part with her, but for the more sure and complete enjoyment of her blessings in a world of glory.
"NOW, THEREFORE, BE STRONG, O ZERUBBABEL, AND BE STRONG, O JOSHUA, THE SON OF JOSEDECH THE HIGH-PRIEST, AND
BE STRONG, O YE Counselors, Generals, and PEOPLE OF THE LAND; FOR I AM WITH YOU, SAITH THE LORD OF HOSTS. ---LOOK YE UNTO ME, AND BE SAVED, ALL YE ENDS OF THE EARTH!" Even so, grant, thou
great and glorious God, that to thee only we may look, and from thee experience that deliverance, which we ask, not for any merits of our own, but for the sake and through the merits of the dear Son of thy love CHRIST JESUS our Lord! To whom, with thee, O FATHER, and thee O BLESSED SPIRIT! Three persons in one eternal God, be ascribed all honor, praise and dominion now, henceforth, and forever! FINIS.> 1738JD006
Rev. Mr. Jacob Duche's sermon was published with a dedication to General George Washington:
<If the manner in which I have treated the subject should have the least good influence upon the hearts and actions of the military freeman of America, or should add one more virtuous motive to those, by which I trust they are already actuated, it will be the best return I can receive from my fellow-citizens for this labor of love. I have long been an admirer of your amiable character, and was glad of this opportunity of paying to you my little tribute of respect.> 1738JD009
On July 19, 1775, Congress designated the next day as a General Fast Day, and agreed:
<That the Congress meet here tomorrow morning at half past nine o'clock, in order to attend Divine service at Mr. Duche's Church; and that in the afternoon they meet here, to go from this place to attend Divine service at Doctor Allison's (First Presbyterian) Church.> 1738JD010
Rev. Mr. Duche's sermon was printed with the 'American Vine,' based on Psalm 80, verse 14.
On October 22, 1775, the President of Congress, Peyton Randolph died.
Congress requested Rev. Mr. Jacob Duche' to perform the funeral. The Pennsylvania Gazette, October 25, 1775, printed:
<His remains were removed to Christ Church, where an excellent sermon on the mournful occasion was preached by the Rev. Mr. Duche', afterwards the corpse was carried to the burial ground, and deposited in a vault, till it can be conveyed to Virginia.> 1738JD011
Fiercely preaching the "righteousness of the cause," Rev. Duche's church was very influential at the beginning of America's Independence, as it was the first Anglican Church in America to stop praying for the King. On July 4, 1776, after the Second Continental Congress passed the Declaration of Independence, Rev. Duche' walked across the square to his church and convened a special meeting of his Vestry. He then took the church's large Anglican Book of Common Prayer from the pulpit, crossed out all references to the King of England and replaced them with "the United States of America."
The minutes of Christ's Church and St. Peter's, contains the entry:
<At a meeting of the vestry at the Rector's, July 4, 1776. Present, Rev. Jacob Duche', Rector; Thomas Cuthbert, Church Warden; Jacob Duche', Robert Whyte, Charles Stedman, Edmund Physick, James Biddle, Peter Dehaven, James Reynolds, Gerardus Clarkson, Vestryman.
Whereas, the Honorable Continental Congress have resolved to declare the American Colonies to be free and independent States; in consequence of which it will be proper to omit those petitions in the Liturgy wherein the King of Great Britain is prayed for, as inconsistent with said declaration,
Therefore, Resolved, that it appears to this vestry to be necessary for the peace and well-being of the churches to omit the said petitions; and the Rector and Assistant Ministers of the united churches are requested, in the name of the vestry and their constituents, to omit such petitions as are above mentioned.> 1738JD012
On July 8, 1776, John Hancock, the President of the Continental Congress, wrote to Rev. Mr. Jacob Duche':
<Sir, It is with the greatest pleasure I inform you that the Congress have been indeed, from a consideration of your piety, as well as your uniform and zealous attachment to the rights of America, to appoint you their Chaplain. It is their request, which I am commanded to signify to you, that you will attend on them, every morning at nine o'clock. I have the honour to be sir, with respect, your most obedient and humble servant, John Hancock, President.> 1738JD013
In Sabine's History of the Loyalists, Rev. Mr. Jacob Duche' first prayer after the Declaration of Independence was:
<O Lord our Heavenly Father, High and Mighty, King of Kings, and Lord of Lords, who dost from thy throne behold all the dwellers on earth, and reignest with power supreme and uncontrolled over all kingdoms, empires, and governments, look down with mercy, we beseech Thee, on these our American States, who have fled to Thee, from the rod of the oppressor, and turn themselves on Thy gracious protection, desiring to be henceforth dependent only on Thee: to Thee do they now look up for that countenance and support which Thou alone canst give: take them, therefore, Heavenly Father, under Thy nurturing care; give them wisdom in council, and valour in the field; defeat the malicious designs of our cruel adversaries; convince them of the unrighteousness of their cause, and if they still persist in their sanguinary purposes, O! Let the voice of Thine own unerring justice sounding in their hearts, constrain them to drop the weapons of war from their unnerved hands in the day of battle. Be Thou present, God of wisdom, and direct the counsels of this Honourable Assembly; enable them to settle things on the best and surest foundations, that the scenes of blood may be speedily closed, that order, honour, and peace may be effectually restored, and pure religion an piety prevail and flourish among Thy people! Preserve the health of their bodies, and the vigour of their minds: shower down on them and the millions they represent, such temporal blessings as Thou seest expedient for them in this world, and crown them with everlasting glory in the world to come. All this, we ask, in the name of Jesus Christ thy Son, and our Saviour. Amen.> 1738JD014
On October 17, 1776, Rev. Mr. Duche' sent a message to John Hancock declining his role as chaplain, possibly pressured by the advance of British troops. Hancock offered Rev. Mr. Duche' 150 dollars for his services, which Duche' refused, recommending the money be used for the Board of War or for families of fallen soldiers.
On September 26, 1777, British General Howe invaded and occupied Philadelphia, imprisoning Rev. Duche'. After the Continental Army's heavy losses at the Battles of Brandywine and Germantown, and now the British occupation of Philadelphia, Duche', just ten days being released from prison, disappointed the country by penning a letter to Washington urging surrender. He sailed for England, only returning after the War in 1792, where he died in Philadelphia in 1798.
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American Quotations by William J. Federer, 2024, All Rights Reserved, Permission granted to use with acknowledgement.
Endnotes:
1738JD001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Jacob Duche'. September 6, 1774. The Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1905), Vol. I, p. 26.
1738JD002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Jacob Duche'. September 7, 1774, Rev. Mr. Duche' reading Psalm 35. "Our Christian Heritage," Letter from Plymouth Rock (Marlborough, NH: The Plymouth Rock Foundation), pp. 2-3.
1738JD003. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Jacob Duche'. September 7, 1774. First Prayer in Congress-Beautiful Reminiscence (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress). John Adams and Abigail Adams, The Book of Abigail and John-Selected Letters of The Adams Family 1762-1784, L.H. Butterfield, Marc Frielander, and Mary-Jo King, eds. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975), p. 76. Reynolds, The Maine Scholars Manual (Portland, ME: Dresser, McLellan & Co., 1880). Edmund Fuller and David E. Green, God in the White House-The Faiths of American Presidents (NY: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1968), pp. 21-22. Gary DeMar, God and Government-A Biblical and Historical Study (Atlanta, GA: American Vision Press, 1982), Vol. I, p. 108. John S.C. Abbot, George Washington (NY: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1875, 1917), p. 187.
1738JD004. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Jacob Duche'. September 7, 1774. The Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1905), Vol. I, p. 27.
1738JD005. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Jacob Duche', May 17, 1776. Journals of the Continental Congress, 1776, Vol. IV, p. 530. Charles Francis Adams (son of John Quincy Adams and grandson of John Adams), ed., Familiar Letters of John Adams and his Wife, Abigail Adams, during the Revolution, p. 320. Anson Phelps Stokes and Leo Pfeffer, Church and State in the United States (NY: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1950, revised one- volume edition, 1964), p. 83.
1738JD006. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Jacob Duche'. July 7, 1775, sermon preached Christ's Church to the First Battalion of the City of Philadelphia. His sermon, published at his request, was titled "The Duty of Standing Fast in Our Spiritual and Temporal Liberties." The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1878, Rev. Jacob Duché,The First Chaplain of Congress, p. 60-69.
1738JD007. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Jacob Duche'. May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress met at the State House in Philadelphia. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1878, Rev. Jacob Duché,The First Chaplain of Congress, p. 60-69.
1738JD008 William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014).. Jacob Duche'. May 11, 1775, resolution of Second Continental Congress, State House, Philadelphia. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1878, Rev. Jacob Duché,The First Chaplain of Congress, p. 60-69.
1738JD009. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Jacob Duche'. Sermon published with a dedication to General George Washington. July 7, 1775, sermon preached Christ's Church to the First Battalion of the City of Philadelphia. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1878, Rev. Jacob Duché,The First Chaplain of Congress, p. 60-69.
1738JD010. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Jacob Duche'. July 19, 1775, Congress designated the next day as a General Fast Day. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1878, Rev. Jacob Duché,The First Chaplain of Congress, p. 60-69.
1738JD011. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Jacob Duche'. The Pennsylvania Gazette, October 25, 1775, regarding death of the President of Congress, Peyton Randolph, October 22, 1775, Congress requested Rev. Mr. Jacob Duche' to perform the funeral. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1878, Rev. Jacob Duché,The First Chaplain of Congress, p. 60-69.
1738JD012. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Jacob Duche'. July 4, 1776, Minutes of Christ's Church and St. Peter's, Philadelphia. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1878, Rev. Jacob Duché,The First Chaplain of Congress, p. 60-69.
1738JD013. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Jacob Duche'. July 8, 1776, John Hancock, the President of the Continental Congress, writing to Rev. Mr. Jacob Duche'. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1878, Rev. Jacob Duché,The First Chaplain of Congress, p. 60-69.
1738JD014. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Jacob Duche'. In Sabine's History of the Loyalists, Rev. Mr. Jacob Duche' first prayer after the Declaration of Independence. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1878, Rev. Jacob Duché,The First Chaplain of Congress, p. 60-69.