James Madison (March 16, 1751-June 28, 1836)

James Madison (March 16, 1751-June 28, 1836) was the 4th President of the United States, 1809-17, and Commander in Chief during the War of 1812, having to flee the White House, with his wife Dolley, before it was captured and burned by the British.

He was Rector of the University of Virginia, 1826-36; Secretary of State under Thomas Jefferson, 1801-09, where he negotiated the Louisiana Purchase, 1803; U.S. Representative, 1789-1801; married Dorothy "Dolley" Payne Todd, 1794; original author and promoter of the Bill of Rights, 1789; penned many of The Federalist Papers, 1788, which were instrumental in convincing the States to ratify the U.S. Constitution; member of the Constitutional Convention, 1787, where he exerted such influence that he became known as the "Chief Architect of the Constitution"; attended the Continental Congress, 1780-83; a member of the Virginia House of Delegates, where he helped to write the Constitution of Virginia, 1776; graduated from Princeton University, 1771, under the direction of Reverend John Witherspoon, one of the nation's premier theologians and legal scholars; and was home- schooled as a child under Reverend Thomas Martin.

Princeton University, during the period James Madison attended, had declared:

<Cursed be all that learning that is contrary to the cross of Christ.> 1751JM001

On November 9, 1772, James Madison, who outlived all of the other 54 founders of the American Republic, wrote to his close college friend, William Bradford:

<A watchful eye must be kept on ourselves lest while we are building ideal monuments of Renown and Bliss here we neglect to have our names enrolled in the Annals of Heaven. [Ill health has] intimated to me not to expect a long or healthy life, yet it may be better with me after some time tho I hardly dare expect it and therefore have little spirit and alacrity to set about any thing that is difficult in acquiring and useless in possessing after one has exchanged Time for Eternity.> 1751JM002

On September 25, 1773, James Madison wrote again to William Bradford:

<My advice [is]...that you would always keep the Ministry obliquely in View whatever your profession be....

I have sometimes thought there could not be a stronger testimony in favor of Religion or against temporal Enjoyments even the most rational and manly than for men who occupy the most honorable and gainful departments and are rising in reputation and wealth, publicly to declare their unsatisfactoriness by becoming fervent Advocates in the cause of Christ, & I wish you may give in your Evidence in this way.> 1751JM003

James Madison, known to regularly lead his household in the observance of family devotions, was an adamant defender of religious liberty. His strong position of defending religious freedom began when, as a youth, he stood with his father outside a jail in the village of Orange and listened to several Baptists preach from their cell windows, having been imprisoned for their religious opinions. On January 24, 1774, Madison disapproved of this to his friend William Bradford:

<There are at this [time] in the adjacent [Culpeper] County not less than 5 or 6 well meaning men in close Goal [jail] for publishing their religious Sentiments which in the main are very orthodox.> 1751JM004

James Madison assisted George Mason in drafting Article 16 of the Virginia Declaration of Rights, ratified June 12, 1776:

<That Religion, or the duty which we owe to our CREATOR, and the manner of discharging it, can be directed only by reason and conviction, not by force or violence; and therefore, all men are equally entitled to the free exercise of religion, according to the dictates of conscience, and that it is the mutual duty of all to practice Christian forbearance, love, and charity, towards each other.> 1751JM017

In November of 1784, James Madison made abbreviated notes of what he believed would result if a bill for government support of religion were passed in Virginia:

<v. Probable effects of the Bill,

1. limited
2. in particular.
3. What is Xnty? (Christianity) Courts of law to Judge.
4. What edition: Hebrew, Septuagint, or Vulgate? What copy? What translation?
5. What books canonical, what apocryphal? the papists holding to be the former what protestants the latter, the Lutherans the latter what the protestants & papists ye former.
6. In what light are they to be viewed, as dictated every letter by inspiration, or the essential parts only? Or the matter in general not the words?
7. What sense the true one for if some doctrines be essential to Xnty those who reject these, whatever name they take are no Xn in Society.
8. Is it Trinitarianism, Arianism, Socinianism? Is it salvation by faith or works also, by free grace or by will, &c, &c.
9. What clue is to guide (a) Judge thro' this labyrinth when ye question come before them whether any particular society is a Cn society?
10. Ends in what is orthodoxy, what heresy,. Dishonors christianity. panegyric on it, on our side. Decl. Rights.> 1751JM007

In the 1785 session of the General Assembly of the State of Virginia, James Madison reasoned that a bill instituting a tax "for the support of the Christian religion" would put civil judges into the position of having to decide what constituted Christianity, a function for which they were totally unqualified for.

On June 20, 1785, in his address titled Religious Freedom-A Memorial and Remonstrance, James Madison stated:

<It is the duty of every man to render to the Creator such homage, and such only, as he believes to be acceptable to Him. This duty is precedent both in order of time, and degree of obligation, to the claims of civil society.

Before any man can be considered as a member of Civil Society, he must be considered as a subject of the Governor of the Universe.

Much more must every man who becomes a member of any particular Civil Society, do it with a saving of his allegiance to the Universal Sovereign. We maintain therefore that in matters of Religion, no man's right is abridged by the institution of Civil Society, and that Religion is wholly exempt from its cognizance.

The policy of the bill is adverse to the diffusion of the light of Christianity. The first wish of those who ought to enjoy this precious gift, ought to be, that it may be imparted to the whole race of mankind.

Compare the number of those who have as yet received it, with the number still remaining under the dominions of false religions, and how small is the former! Does the policy of the bill tend to lessen the disproportion? No; it at once discourages those who are strangers to the light of Truth, from coming into the regions of it.

Whilst we assert for ourselves a freedom to embrace, to profess, and to observe the Religion which we believe to be of divine origin, we cannot deny an equal freedom to those whose minds have not yet yielded to the evidence which has convinced us. If this freedom be abused, it is an offence against God, not against man: To God, therefore, not to man, must an account of it be rendered.

Earnestly praying, as we are in duty bound, that the Supreme Lawgiver of the Universe by illuminating those to whom it is addressed, may, on the one hand, turn their councils from every act which would affront His holy prerogative, or violate the trust committed to them; and, on the other, guide them into every measure which may be worthy of His blessing...

"The equal right of every citizen to the free exercise of his religion according to the dictates of his conscience" is held by the same tenure with all our other rights. If we recur to its origin, it is equally the gift of nature; if we weight its importance, it cannot be less dear to us; if we consult the "Declaration of those rights which pertain to the good people of Virginia, as the basis and foundation of government," it is enumerated with equal solemnity.> 1751JM008

On October 31, 1785, James Madison introduced legislation in the Virginia Legislature titled, "Bill for Punishing Disturbers of Religious Worship and Sabbath Breakers," which was passed in 1789:

<If any person on Sunday shall himself be found laboring at his own or any other trade or calling, or shall employ the apprentices, servants or slaves in labor, or other business, except it be in the ordinary household offices of daily necessity, or other work of necessity or charity, he shall forfeit the sum of ten shillings for every such offense, deeming every apprentice, servant, or slave so employed, and every day he shall be so employed as constituting a distinct offense.> 1751JM010

On October 31, 1785, James Madison introduced a bill in the Virginia Legislature titled, "For Appointing Days of Public Fasting and Thanksgiving," which included:

<Forfeiting fifty pounds for every failure, not having a reasonable excuse.> 1751JM011

James Madison, who was only 36 years old at the time, was an instrumental member of the United States Constitutional Convention, speaking 161 times, (more than any other founder except Gouverneur Morris and James Wilson). His records of the debates in the Constitutional Convention are the most accurate and detailed that exist. In 1787, at the Constitutional Convention, James Madison made the statement:

<All men having power ought to be distrusted.> 1751JM012

James Madison authored 29 of the 85 Federalist Papers, which argued successfully in favor of the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. In Federalist Paper #39, James Madison wrote:

<That honourable determination which animates every votary of freedom, to rest all our political experiments on the capacity of mankind for self- government.> 1751JM006

In Federalist Paper #51, James Madison wrote:

<But the great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department, consists in giving to those who administer each department, the necessary constitutional means, and personal motives, to resist encroachments of the others.

The provisions for defense must in this, as in all other cases, be made commensurate to the danger of attack.

Ambition must be made to counteract ambition. The interest of the man must be connected with the constitutional rights of the place.

It may be a reflection on human nature that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government.

But what is government itself but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If angels were to govern men, neither external or internal controls on government would be necessary.

In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself.

A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions.> 1751JM013

On June 12, 1788, James Madison entered in his journal:

<There is not a shadow of right in the general [federal] government to intermeddle with religion...The subject is, for the honor of America, perfectly free and unshackled. The government has no jurisdiction over it.> 1751JM014

On October 15, 1788, James Madison wrote:

<As the courts are generally the last in making the decision, it results to them, by refusing or not refusing to execute a law, to stamp it with its final character. This makes the Judiciary dept paramount in fact to the Legislature, which was never intended, and can never be proper.> 1751JM015

On June 7, 1789, with the experience fresh on his mind of the Anglican Church being the officially enforced denomination by the British in the colony of Virginia, James Madison introduced a proposal in the U.S. Congress for an amendment with the wording:

<The Civil Rights of none shall be abridged on account of religious belief or worship, nor shall any national religion be established, nor shall the full and equal rights of conscience be in any manner, nor on any pretext infringed.> 1751JM016

In 1792, James Madison wrote in regards to property rights:

<Government is instituted to protect property of every sort....This being the end of government....That is NOT a just government...nor is property secure under it, where the property which a man has...is violated by arbitrary seizures of one class of citizens for the service of the rest.> 1751JM018

<Property....in the former sense, a man's land, or merchandise, or money, is called his property. In the latter sense, a man has a property in his opinions and the free communication of them. He has a property of peculiar value in his religious opinions, and in the profession and practice dictated by them....

He has an equal property in the free use of his faculties, and free choice of the objects on which to employ them. In a word, as a man is said to have a right to his property, he may be equally said to have a property in his rights.> 1751JM019

On Saturday, March 4, 1809, in his First Inaugural Address, President James Madison stated:

<To support the Constitution, which is the cement of the Union, as well in its limitations as in its authorities; to respect the rights and authorities reserved to the States and to the people as equally incorporated with and essential to the success of the general system; to avoid the slightest interference with the rights of conscience or the function of religion, so wisely exempted from civil jurisdiction...as far as sentiments and intentions such as these can aid the fulfillment of my duty, they will be a resource which can not fail me....

But the source to which I look for the aids which alone can supply my deficiencies is in the well-tried intelligence and virtue of my fellow-citizens, and in the counsels of those representing them in the other departments associated in the care of the national interests.

In these my confidence will under every difficulty be best placed, next to that which we have all been encouraged to feel in the guardianship and guidance of that Almighty Being whose power regulates the destiny of nations, whose blessings have been so conspicuously dispensed to this rising Republic, and to whom we are bound to address our devout gratitude for the past, as well as our fervent supplications and best hopes for the future.> 1751JM020

On November 29, 1809, in his First Annual Message to Congress, President James Madison stated:

<Recollecting always that for every advantage which may contribute to distinguish our lot from that to which others are doomed by the unhappy spirit of the times we are indebted to that Divine Providence whose goodness has been so remarkably extended to this rising nation, it becomes us to cherish a devout gratitude, and to implore from the same Omnipotent Source a blessing on the consultations and measures about to be undertaken for the welfare of our beloved country.> 1751JM021

On October 27, 1810, in a Proclamation that the United States should take possession of the Territory south of the Mississippi Territory and eastward of the Mississippi River extending to the Perdido River, President James Madison stated:

<The good people inhabiting the same are invited and enjoined...to be obedient to the laws, to maintain order, to cherish harmony, and in every manner to conduct themselves as peaceful citizens, under full assurance that they will be protected in the enjoyment of their liberty, property, and religion.> 1751JM022

On December 5, 1810, in his Second Annual Message to Congress, President James Madison stated:

<Among the commercial abuses still committed...it appears that...citizens are instrumental in carrying on a traffic in enslaved Africans, equally in violation of the laws of humanity and in defiance to those of their country. The same just and benevolent motives which produced the interdiction in force against this criminal conduct will doubtless be felt by Congress in devising further means of suppressing the evil....

I close the present by expressing my reliance, under the blessing of Divine Providence, on the judgment and patriotism which will guide your measures.> 1751JM023

On November 5, 1811, in his Third Annual Message to Congress, President James Madison stated:

<I can not close this communication without expressing my deep sense of the crisis in which you are assembled, my confidence in a wise and honorable result to your deliberations, and assurances of the faithful zeal with which my cooperating duties will be discharged, invoking at the same time the blessing of Heaven on our beloved country.> 1751JM024

On March 9, 1812, in a message to Congress, President James Madison stated:

<The British Government, through its public minister here, a secret agent of that Government was employed in certain States...in fomenting disaffection to the constituted authorities of the nation, and in intrigues with the disaffected, for the purpose of bringing about resistance to the laws, and eventually, in concert with a British force, of destroying the Union....

In addition to the effect which the discovery of such a procedure ought to have on the public councils, it will not fail to render more dear to the hearts of all good citizens that happy union of these States which, under Divine Providence, is the guaranty of their liberties, their safety, their tranquility, and their prosperity.> 1751JM025

On June 1, 1812, in a message to Congress, President James Madison stated:

<We behold, in fine, on the side of Great Britain a state of war against the United States, and on the side of the United States a state of peace toward Great Britain. Whether the United States shall continue passive under these progressive usurpations and these accumulating wrongs, or, opposing force to force in defense of their national rights, shall commit a just cause into the hands of the Almighty Disposer of Events.> 1751JM026

On June 19, 1812, in a Proclamation of War between Great Britain and the United States, President James Madison stated:

<I do moreover exhort all the good people of the United States, as they love their country, as they value the precious heritage derived from the virtue and valor of their fathers, as they feel the wrongs which have forced on them the last resort of injured nations, and as they consult the best means under the blessing of Divine Providence of abridging its calamities, that they exert themselves in preserving order.> 1751JM027

On Thursday, July 9, 1812, President James Madison issued a Proclamation of a National Day of Public Humiliation and Prayer:

<Whereas the Congress of the United States, by a joint resolution of the two Houses, have signified a request that a day may be recommended to be observed by the people of the United States with religious solemnity, as a day of public humiliation and prayer; and

Whereas such a recommendation will enable the several religious denominations and societies so disposed, to offer, at one and the same time, their common vows and adorations to Almighty God, on the solemn occasion produced by the war in which He has been pleased to permit the injustice of a foreign Power to involve these United States;

I do therefore recommend the third Thursday of August next, as a convenient day, to be set apart for the devout purpose of rendering the Sovereign of the Universe and the Benefactor of mankind the public homage due to His holy attributes; of acknowledging the transgressions which might justly provoke the manifestations of His divine displeasure; of seeking His merciful forgiveness, and His assistance in the great duties of repentance and amendment; and especially of offering fervent supplications that in the present season of calamity and war He would take the American people under His peculiar care and protection; that He would guide their public councils, animate their patriotism, and bestow His blessing on their arms; that He would inspire all nations with a love of justice and of concord, and with a reverence for the unerring precept of our holy religion, to do to others as they would require that others should do to them;

and, finally, that, turning the hearts of our enemies from the violence and injustice which sway their councils against us, He would hasten a restoration of the blessings of peace.

Given at Washington, the ninth day of July, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twelve. James Madison.

By the President: James Monroe, Secretary of State.> 1751JM028

On November 4, 1812, in his Fourth Annual Message to Congress, President James Madison stated:

<On our present meeting it is my first duty to invite your attention to the Providential favors which our country has experienced in the unusual degree of health dispensed to its inhabitants, and in the rich abundance with which the earth has rewarded the labors bestowed on it....

The war in which we are actually engaged in...was preceded by a patience without example under wrongs accumulating without end, and it was finally not declared until every hope of averting it was extinguished...through the British envoy here, that the hostile edicts against our commercial rights and our maritime independence would not be revoked....

It was at this moment and with such an alternative that war was chosen. The nation felt the necessity of it, and called for it. The appeal was accordingly made, in a just cause, to the Just and All-powerful Being who holds in His hand the chain of events and the destiny of nations. It remains only that, faithful to ourselves, entangled in no connections with the views of other powers, and ever ready to accept peace from the hand of justice, we prosecute the war with united counsels and with the ample faculties of the nation until peace be so obtained and as the only means under the Divine blessing of speedily obtaining it.> 1751JM029

On February 24, 1813, in a message to Congress, President James Madison stated:

<The Government of Great Britain had already introduced into her commerce during the war a system which, at once violating the rights of other nations and resting on a mass of forgery and perjury unknown to other times, was making an unfortunate progress in undermining those principles of morality and religion which are the best foundation of national happiness....The general tendency of these demoralizing and disorganizing contrivances will be reprobated by the civilized and Christian world.> 1751JM030

On Thursday, March 4, 1813, in his Second Inaugural Address, President James Madison stated:

<From the weight and magnitude now belonging to it I should be compelled to shrink if I had less reliance on the support of an enlightened and generous people, and felt less deeply a conviction that the war with a powerful nation, which forms so prominent a feature in our situation, is stamped with that justice which invites the smiles of Heaven on the means of conducting it to a successful termination.> 1751JM031

On May 25, 1813, in a Special Session Message to Congress, President James Madison stated:

<The contest in which the United States are engaged appeals for its support to every motive that can animate an uncorrupted and enlightened people-to the love of country; the pride of liberty...and, finally, to the sacred obligation of transmitting entire to future generations that precious patrimony of national rights and independence which is held in trust by the present from the goodness of Divine Providence.> 1751JM032

On July 23, 1813, President James Madison issued a Proclamation of a National Day of Public Humiliation and Prayer:

<Whereas the Congress of the United States, by a joint resolution of the two Houses, have signified a request that a day may be recommended to be observed by the people of the United States with religious solemnity as a day of public humiliation and prayer; and

Whereas in times of public calamity such as that of the war brought on the United States by the injustice of a foreign government it is especially becoming that the hearts of all should be touched with the same and the eyes of all be turned to that Almighty Power in whose hands are the welfare and the destiny of nations:

I do therefore issue this my proclamation, recommending to all who shall be piously disposed to unite their hearts and voices in addressing at one and the same time their vows and adorations to the Great Parent and Sovereign of the Universe that they assemble on the second Thursday of September next in their respective religious congregations to render Him thanks for the many blessings He has bestowed on the people of the United States;

that He has blessed them with a land capable of yielding all the necessaries and requisites of human life, with ample means for convenient exchanges with foreign countries;

that He has blessed the labors employed in this cultivation and improvement;

that He is now blessing the exertions to extend and establish the arts and manufactures which will secure within ourselves supplies too important to remain dependent on the precarious policy or the peaceable dispositions of other nations, and particularly

that He has blessed the United States with a political Constitution founded on the will and authority of the whole people and guaranteeing to each individual security, not only of his person and his property, but of those sacred rights of conscience so essential to his present happiness and so dear to his future hopes;

that with those expressions of devout thankfulness be joined supplications to the same Almighty Power that He would look down with compassion on our infirmities;

that He would pardon our manifold transgressions and awaken and strengthen in all the wholesome purposes of repentance and amendment;

that in this season of trial and calamity He would preside in a particular manner over our public councils and inspire all citizens with a love of their country and with those fraternal affections and that mutual confidence which have so happy a tendency to make us safe at home and respected abroad; and

that as He was graciously pleased heretofore to smile on our struggles against the attempts of the Government of the Empire of which these States then made a part to wrest from them the rights and privileges to which they were entitled in common with every other part and to raise them to the station of an independent and sovereign people,

so He would now be pleased in like manner to bestow His blessings on our arms in resisting the hostile and persevering efforts of all, from rights and immunities belonging and essential to the American people as a coequal member of the great community of independent nations; and

that, inspiring our enemies with moderation, with justice, and with that spirit of reasonable accommodation which our country has continued to manifest, we may be enabled to beat our swords into plowshares and to enjoy in peace every man the fruits of his honest industry and the rewards of his lawful enterprise.

If the public homage of a people can ever be worthy of the favorable regard of the Holy and Omniscient Being to whom it is addressed, it must be that in which those who join in it are guided only by their free choice, by the impulse of their hearts and the dictates of their consciences;

and such a spectacle must be interesting to all Christian nations as proving that religion, that gift of Heaven for the good of man, freed from all coercive edicts, from that unhallowed connection with the powers of this world which corrupts religion into an instrument or an usurper of the policy of the state, and making no appeal but to reason, to the heart, and to the conscience, can spread its benign influence everywhere and can attract to the divine altar those freewill offerings of humble supplication, thanksgiving, and praise which alone can be acceptable to Him whom no hypocrisy can deceive and no forced sacrifices propitiate.

Upon these principles and with these views the good people of the United States are invited, in conformity with the resolution aforesaid, to dedicate the day above named to the religious solemnites therein recommended.

Given at Washington, this 23d day of July, A.D. 1813. James Madison.> 1751JM033

On December 7, 1813, in his Fifth Annual Message to Congress, President James Madison stated:

<The best encouragement is derived from the success with which it has pleased the Almighty to bless our arms both on the land and on the water....On Lake Erie, the squadron under the command of Captain Perry having met the British squadron of superior force, a sanguinary conflict ended in the capture of the whole....

It would be improper to close this communication without expressing a thankfulness in which all ought to unite for the numerous blessings with which our beloved country continues to be favored; for the abundance which overspreads our land, and the prevailing health of its inhabitants; for the preservation of our internal tranquility, and the stability of our free institutions, and, above all, for the light of Divine truth....

In tine, the war, with all its vicissitudes, is illustrating the capacity and the destiny of the United States to be a great, a flourishing, and a powerful nation....In contending for these we behold a subject for our congratulations in the daily testimonies of increasing harmony throughout the nation, and may humbly repose our trust in the smiles of Heaven on so righteous a cause.> 1751JM034

On September 1, 1814, in a National Proclamation after the British had invaded the Capitol, President James Madison stated:

<Whereas the enemy by a sudden incursion have succeeded in invading the capitol of the nation, defended at the moment by troops less numerous than their own and almost entirely of the militia, during their possession of which, though for a single day only, they wantonly destroyed the public edifices....

On an occasion which appeals so forcibly to the proud feelings and patriotic devotion of the American people none will forget what they owe to themselves, what they owe to their country and the high destinies which await it, what to the glory acquired by their fathers in establishing the independence which is now to be maintained by their sons with the augmented strength and resources with which time and Heaven had blessed them.> 1751JM035

On September 20, 1814, in his Sixth Annual Message to Congress, President James Madison stated:

<Having forborne to declare war until to other aggressions had been added the capture of nearly a thousand American vessels and the impressment of thousands of American seafaring citizens, and until a final declaration had been made by the Government of Great Britain that her hostile orders against our commerce would not be revoked...our beloved country, in still opposing to his persevering hostility all its energies, with an undiminished disposition toward peace and friendship on honorable terms, must carry with it the good wishes of the impartial world and the best hopes of support from an Omnipotent and Kind Providence.> 1751JM036

On November 16, 1814, President James Madison issued a Proclamation of a National Day of Public Humiliation, Fasting and Prayer:

<The two Houses of the National Legislature having by a joint resolution expressed their desire that in the present time of public calamity and war a day may be recommended to be observed by the people of the United States as a day of public humiliation and fasting and of prayer to Almighty God for the safety and welfare of these States, His blessing on their arms, and a speedy restoration of peace, I have deemed it proper by this proclamation to recommend that Thursday, the 12th of January next, be set apart as a day on which all may have an opportunity of voluntarily offering at the same time in their respective religious assemblies their humble adoration to the Great Sovereign of the Universe, of confessing their sins and transgressions, and of strengthening their vows of repentance and amendment.

They will be invited by the same solemn occasion to call to mind the distinguished favors conferred on the American people in the general health which has been enjoyed, in the abundant fruits of the season, in the progress of the arts instrumental to their comfort, their prosperity, and their security, and in the victories which have so powerfully contributed to the defense and protection of our country, a devout thankfulness for all which ought to be mingled with their supplications to the Beneficent Parent of the Human Race that

He would be graciously pleased to pardon all their offenses against Him; to support and animate them in the discharge of their respective duties; to continue to them the precious advantages flowing from political institutions so auspicious to their liberties, civil and religious; and that He would in a special manner preside over the nation in its public councils and constituted authorities, giving wisdom to its measures and success to its arms in maintaining its rights and in overcoming all hostile designs and attempts against it; and, finally, that by inspiring the enemy with dispositions favorable to a just and reasonable peace its blessings may be speedily and happily restored.

Given at the city of Washington, the 16th day of November, 1814, and of the Independence of the United States the thirty-eighth. James Madison.> 1751JM037

On February 18, 1815, in a message to Congress, President James Madison stated:

<I lay before Congress copies of the treaty of peace and amity between the United States and His Britannic Majesty, which was signed by the commissioners of both parties at Ghent on the 24th of December, 1814....

My sanguine hope that the peace which has been just declared will not only be the foundation of the most friendly intercourse between the United States and Great Britain, but that it will also be productive of happiness and harmony in every section of our beloved country. The influence of your precepts and example must be everywhere powerful, and while we accord in grateful acknowledgments for the protection which Providence has bestowed upon us, let us never cease to inculcate obedience to the laws and fidelity to the Union as constituting the palladium of the national independence and prosperity.> 1751JM038

On March 4, 1815, President James Madison issued a Proclamation of a National Day of Thanksgiving:

<The Senate and House of Representatives of the United States have by a joint resolution signified their desire that a day may be recommended to be observed by the people of the United States with religious solemnity as a day of thanksgiving and of devout acknowledgments to Almighty God for His great goodness manifested in restoring to them the blessing of peace.

No people ought to feel greater obligations to celebrate the goodness of the Great Disposer of Events and of the Destiny of Nations than the people of the United States.

His kind providence originally conducted them to one of the best portions of the dwelling place allotted for the great family of the human race. He protected and cherished them under all the difficulties and trials to which they were exposed in their early days.

Under His fostering care their habits, their sentiments, and their pursuits prepared them for a transition in due time to a state of independence and self-government.

In the arduous struggle by which it was attained they were distinguished by multiplied tokens of His benign interposition.

During the interval which succeeded He reared them into the strength and endowed them with the resources which have enabled them to assert their national rights and to enhance their national character in another arduous conflict, which is now so happily terminated by a peace and reconciliation with those who have been our enemies.

And to the same Divine Author of Every Good and Perfect Gift we are indebted for all those privileges and advantages, religious as well as civil, which are so richly enjoyed in this favored land.

It is for blessings such as these, and more especially for the restoration of the blessing of peace, that I now recommend that the second Thursday in April next be set apart as a day on which the people of every religious denomination may in their solemn assemblies unite their hearts and their voices in a freewill offering to their Heavenly Benefactor of their homage of thanksgiving and of their songs of praise.

Given at the city of Washington on the fourth of March, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifteen, and of the independence of the United States the thirty-ninth. James Madison.> 1751JM039

James Madison was President during the 2nd Barbary War 1812-1816.

Muslims broke their treaty and in 1815 the Second Barbary War began. Congress authorized naval action and, together with six European countries, fought against Morocco, Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli.

Commodore Stephen Decatur, hero of the War of 1812, and Commodore William Bainbridge, led ten warships to the Mediterranean. Under Decatur's guns, the Dey (ruler) of Algiers was forced to stop demanding tribute from other countries, to pay reparations for damages and forced to release American prisoners. Similar promises were forced from Tunis and Tripoli.

Of the negotiations, Frederick C. Leiner wrote in The End of the Barbary Terror-America's 1815 War Against the Pirates of North Africa (Oxford University Press):

<Commodore Stephen Decatur and diplomat William Shaler withdrew to consult in private...The Algerians were believed to be masters of duplicity, willing to make agreements and break them as they found convenient...Commodore Stephen Decatur and Captain William Bainbridge both recognized that the peace could only be kept by force or the threat of force.> 1751JM040

Muslims again broke their treaty, resulting in the Dutch and British, under Sir Edward Pellew, bombarding Algiers in 1816, forcing them to release 3,000 European prisoners. Algiers again renewed its piracy and slavetaking, causing the British to bombard them again in 1824. It was not until 1830, when the French conquered Algiers, did Muslim Barbary Piracy come to cease.

Theodore Roosevelt wrote in his book Fear God and Take Your Own Part (NY: George Doran Co., 1916, p. 351):

<Centuries have passed since any war vessel of a civilized power has shown such ruthless brutality toward non-combatants, and especially toward women and children. The Muslim pirates of the Barbary Coast behaved at times in similar fashion until the civilized nations joined in suppressing them.> 1751JM041

On December 5, 1815, in his Seventh Annual Message to Congress, President James Madison stated:

<In closing this communication I ought not to repress a sensibility, in which you will unite, to the happy lot of our country and to the goodness of a superintending Providence, to which we are indebted for it....

It remains for the guardians of the public welfare...to cherish institutions which guarantee their safety and their liberties, civil and religious.> 1751JM042

On December 3, 1816, in his Eighth Annual Message to Congress, President James Madison stated:

<Our thankfulness is due to Providence for what is far more than a compensation, in the remarkable health which has distinguished the present year....

The United States, having been the first to abolish within the extent of their authority the transportation of the natives of Africa into slavery, by prohibiting the introduction of slaves and by punishing their citizens participating in the traffic, can not but be gratified at the progress made by concurrent efforts of other nations toward a general suppression of so great an evil....

Government, in a word, whose conduct within and without may bespeak the most noble of all ambitions-that of promoting peace on earth and good will to man. These contemplations, sweetening the remnant of my days, will animate my prayers for the happiness of my beloved country, and a perpetuity of the institutions under which it is enjoyed.> 1751JM043

On March 2, 1819, in a letter to Robert Walsh, James Madison wrote:

<That there has been an increase of religious instruction since the revolution can admit of no question. The English church was originally the established religion;...

Of other sects there were but few adherents, except the Presbyterians who predominated on the west side of the Blue Mountains. A little time previous to the Revolutionary struggle, the Baptists sprang up, and made very rapid progress. Among the early acts of the Republican Legislature, were those abolishing the Religious establishment, and putting all Sects at full liberty and on a perfect level.

At present the population is divided, with small exceptions, among the Protestant Episcopalians, the Presbyterians, the Baptists and the Methodists...I conjecture the Presbyterians and Baptists to form each about a third, and the two other sects together of which the Methodists are much the smallest, to make up the remaining third....

Among the other sects, Meeting Houses have multiplied and continue to multiply...

Religious instruction is now diffused throughout the Community by preachers of every sect with almost equal zeal...The qualifications of the

Preachers, too among the new sects where there is the greatest deficiency, are understood to be improving.

On a general comparison of the present and former times, the balance is certainly and vastly on the side of the present, as to the number of religious teachers the zeal which actuates them, the purity of their lives and the attendance of the people on their instructions.> 1751JM044

In 1823, James Madison wrote in a letter to Edward Everett:

<The settled question here is that religion is essentially distinct from Civil Government and exempt from its cognizance; that a connexion between them is injurious to both; that there are causes in the human breast, which ensure the perpetuity of religion without the aid of the law; that rival sects, with equal rights, exercise mutual censorship in favor of good morals; that if new sects arise with absurd opinions or overheated maginiations, the proper remedies lie in time, forbearance and example;

that a legal establishment of religion without a toleration could not be thought of, and with toleration, is no security for public quiet & harmony, but rather a source itself of discord & animosity; and finally that these opinions are supported by experience, which has shewn that every relaxation of the alliance between Law & religion, from the partial example in Holland, to its consummation in Pennsylvania, Delaware, N.J., &c, has been found as safe in practice as it is sound in theory.

Prior to the Revolution, the Episcopal Church was established by law in this State. On the Declaration of Independence it was left with all other sects, to a self-support. And no doubt exists that there is much more of religion among us now that there ever was before the change; and particularly in the Sect which enjoyed the legal patronage. This proves rather more than, that the law is not necessary to the support of religion.> 1751JM045

On April 7, 1824, the Board of Visitors of the University of Virginia, of which James Madison was a member, approved the regulations prepared by Thomas Jefferson, Rector of the University, which stated:

<Should the religious sects of this State, or any of them, according to the invitation held out to them, establish within or adjacent to, the precincts of the University, schools for instruction in the religion of their sect, the students of the University will be free, and expected to attend religious worship at the establishment of their respective sects, in the morning, and in time to meet their school in the University at its stated hour....

The students of such religious school, if they attend any school of the University, shall be considered as students of the University, subject to the same regulations, and entitled to the same privileges....

The upper circular room of the rotunda shall be reserved for a library. One of its larger elliptical rooms on its middle floor shall be used for annual examinations, or lectures to such schools as are too numerous for their ordinary school room, and for religious worship, under the regulations to be prescribed by law.> 1751JM046

On June 25, 1824, in a letter to Henry Lee, James Madison stated:

<I entirely concur in the propriety of resorting to the sense in which the Constitution was accepted and ratified by the nation. In that sense alone it is the legitimate Constitution. And if that be not the guide in expounding it, there can be no security for a consistent and stable, more than for a faithful, exercise of its powers....What a metamorphosis would be produced in the code of law if all its ancient phraseology were to be taken in its modern sense.> 1751JM047

On November 20, 1825, James Madison stated in a letter to Frederick Beasley:

<The belief in a God All Powerful wise and good, is so essential to the moral order of the World and to the happiness of man, that arguments which enforce it cannot be drawn from too many sources nor adapted with too much solicitude to the different characters and capacities to be impressed with it.> 1751JM048

In response to an essay by Reverend Jasper Adams, President of the College of Charleston, South Carolina, James Madison wrote in 1832:

<I received in due time, the printed copy of your Convention sermon on the relation of Christianity to Civil Government with a manuscript request of my opinion on the subject.

There appears to be in the nature of man what insures his belief in an invisible cause of his present existence, and anticipation of his future existence. Hence the propensities and susceptibilities in that case of religion which with a few doubtful or individual exceptions have prevailed throughout the world.

Waiving the rights of Conscience, not included in the surrender implied by the social State, and more or less invaded by all religious Establishments, the simple question to be decided is whether a support of the best & purest religion, the Christian religion itself ought, not so far at least as pecuniary means are involved, to be provided for by the Government rather than be left to the voluntary provisions of those who profess it. And on this question experience will be an admitted Umpire, the more adequate as the connection between Governments and Religion have existed in such various degrees and forms, and now can be compared with examples where connection has been entirely dissolved.

In the Papal System, Government and Religion are in a manner consolidated, & that is found to be the worst of Governments.

In most of the Government of the old world, the legal establishment of a particular religion and without or with very little toleration of others makes a part of the Political and Civil organization and there are few of the most enlightened judges who will maintain that the system has been favorable either to Religion or to Government.

Until Holland ventured on the experiment of combining toleration with the establishment of a particular creed, it was taken for granted, that an exclusive and intolerant establishment was essential, and notwithstanding the light thrown on the subject by that experiment, the prevailing opinion in Europe, England not excepted, has been that Religion could not be preserved without the support of Government nor Government be supported with an established religion that there must be a least an alliance of some sort between them. It remained for North America to bring the great & interesting subject to a fair, and finally to a decisive test.

In the Colonial State of the Country, there were four examples, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware, and the greater part of New York where there were no religious Establishments; the support of Religion being left to the voluntary associations and contributions of individuals; and certainly the religious condition of those Colonies, will well bear a comparison with that where establishments existed.

As it may be suggested that experiments made in Colonies more or less under the Control of a foreign Government, had not the full scope necessary to display their tendency, it is fortunate that the appeal can now be made to their effects under a complete exemption from any such Control.

It is true that the New England States have not discontinued establishments of Religion formed under very peculiar circumstances; but they have by successive relaxations advanced towards the prevailing example; and without any evidence of disadvantage either to Religion or good Government.

And if we turn to the Southern States where there was, previous to the Declaration of independence, a legal provision for the support of Religion; and since that event a surrender of it to a spontaneous support by the people, it may be said that the difference amounts nearly to a contrast in the greater purity & industry of the Pastors and in the greater devotion of their flocks, in the latter period than in the former.

In Virginia the contrast is particularly striking, to those whose memories can make the comparison. It will not be denied that causes other than the abolition of the legal establishment of Religion are to be taken into view in account for the change in the Religious character of the community. But the existing character, distinguished as it is by its religious features, and the lapse of time now more than 50 years since the legal support of Religion was withdrawn sufficiently prove that it does not need the support of Govt and it will scarcely be contended that Government has suffered by the exemption of Religion from its cognizance, or its pecuniary aid.

The apprehension of some seems to be that Religion left entirely to itself may into extravagances injurious both to Religion and to social order; but besides the question whether the interference of Government in any form would not be more likely to increase than Control the tendency, it is a safe calculation that in this as in other cases of excessive excitement, Reason will gradually regain its ascendancy. Great excitements are less apt to be permanent than to vibrate to the opposite extreme.

Under another aspect of the subject there may be less danger that Religion, if left to itself, will suffer from a failure of the pecuniary support applicable to it than that an omission of the public authorities to limit the duration of their Charters to Religious Corporations, and the amount of property acquirable by them, may lead to an injurious accumulation of wealth from the lavish donations and bequests prompted by a pious zeal or by an atoning remorse. Some monitory examples have already appeared.

Whilst I thus frankly express my view of the subject presented in your sermon, I must do you the justice to observe that you very ably maintained yours.

I must admit moreover that it may not be easy, in every possible case, to trace the line of separation between the rights of religion and the Civil authority with such distinctness as to avoid collisions & doubts on unessential points. The tendency to a usurpation on one side or the other, or to a corrupting coalition or alliance between them, will be best guarded against by an entire abstinence of: the Government from interference in any way whatever, beyond the necessity of preserving public order, and protecting each sect against trespasses on its legal rights by others.

I owe you Sir an apology for the delay in complying with the request of my opinion on the subject discussed in your sermon; if not also for the brevity and it may be thought crudeness of the opinion itself. I must rest the apology on my great age now in its 83rd year, with more than the ordinary infirmities, and especially on the effect of a chronic Rheumatism, combined with both, which makes my hand and fingers as averse to the pen as they are awkward in the use of it. Be pleased to accept Sir a tender of my cordial and respectful salutations.> 1751JM049

Bishop William Meade, who had been one of George Washington's aides during the Revolutionary War, wrote in his book, Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1857, Vol. II, p. 99- 100):

<Whatever may have been the private sentiments of Mr. Madison on the subject of religion, he was never known to declare any hostility to it. He always treated it with respect, attended public worship in his neighborhood, invited ministers of religion to his house, had family prayers on such occasions,- though he did not kneel himself at prayers. Episcopal ministers often went there to see his aged and pious mother and administer the Holy Communion to her. I was never at Mr. Madison's but once, and then our conversation took such a turn-though not designed on my part-as to call forth some expressions and arguments which left the impression on my mind that his creed was not strictly regulated by the Bible. At his death, some years after this, his minister-the Rev. Mr. Jones-and some of his neighbors openly expressed their conviction, that, from his conversation and bearing during the latter years of his life, he must be considered as receiving the Christian system to be divine.> 1751JM149

James Madison, who was a member of the Episcopalian Church, included in his personal library not only the Holy Bible, but the Book of Common Prayer, Gospel Mystery of Sanctification, and the Life of Man in the Soul of God. In his personal Bible he made copious notes, of which were:

<Acts Chapter 19 

Holy Ghost. have ye recd. the Holy Ghost since ye Believed. The Apostle does not mean in its Sanctifying operations, but in its miraculous Gifts

v. 2d.

Spirit of Prophecy, departed (as the Jews believe) from Israel after the

Death of Haggai, Zachariah & Malachi. v. 2d.

Apostles did greater Miracles than Christ, in the matter, not manner, of them v. 11

Evil Spirits, none were, that we read of in the old Testament, bodily possessed of, but many in the New, v. 13

Saints fall, intimated by Alexander the Copper Smith turning Apostate.

v 33

v. 9

Ch. 20

Sunday, why kept by the Christians for the Sabbath v. 7

Sleepers under Gods word (at a Sermon), their wretched contempt of it. St. Paul's travelling on foot from Troas to A-sos: an happy example for all the Ministers of Christ. v. 13 &c.

Tempt. to neglect the means for our own preservation is to Tempt God: and to trust to them is to neglect Him v. 3 &c. Ch. 27. v. 31

Humility, the better any man is, the lower thoughts he has of himself v. 19

Ministers to take heed to themselves & their flock. v. 28

Believers who are in a State of Grace, have need of the word of God for

their Edification and Building up therefore implies a possibility of falling. v. 32 Grace, it is the free gift of God. Luke. 12. 32-v. 32.

Giver more blessed than the Receiver. v. 35. Gospels.

Mat. Ch 1st

Jesus is an Hebrew name and Signifies a Saviour v. 1. Christ is a Greek name and signifies Anointed. v. 1

Pollution. Christ did by the power of his Godhead purify our nature from all the pollution of our Ancestors v. 5 &c.

Until signifies in Scripture as much as never. v 25.

Virgin Mary had no other Child (probably) but our Saviour. v. 25.> 1751JM050

Among his manuscripts on the Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles, James Madison commended the Bereans as more noble than the Thessalonians, describing them:

<As a noble example for all succeeding Christians to imitate.> 1751JM051

In another place James Madison stated:

<It is not the talking but the walking and working person that is the true Christian.> 1751JM052

<Christ's Divinity appears by St. John, chapter xx, 2: 'And Thomas answered and said unto Him, My Lord and my God!' Resurrection testified to and witnessed by the Apostles, Acts iv, 33: 'And with great power gave the apostles witness of the resurrection of the Lord Jesus, and great grace was upon them all.'> 1751JM053

In a letter dated September 1833, James Madison referred to Christianity as:

<...the best and purest religion.> 1751JM058

James Madison was raised being close friends with many slaves, especially a young man named Billy. In regards to slavery, Madison wrote:

<The whole Bible is against negro slavery; but that the clergy do not preach this, and the people do not see it.> 1751JM054

Paul Jennings (1799-1874) was a slave and body servant to James Madison, and "was always with Mr. Madison till he died."

As such, he witnessed many national events, even escaping with Madison from the Capital when the British attacked.

After Madison's death, Daniel Webster arranged for his freedom and Jennings got a job as a book binder in the Department of the Interior, a position that enabled him to save enough money to buy his own house.

Paul Jennings accounts were written in the book, A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison (Brooklyn: G.C. Beadle, 1865).

Jennings said of Madison that he "never knew him to strike a slave...neither would he allow an overseer to do it."

Madison issued verbal reprimands in private, rather than in public, in order to spare the slave embarrassment.

Jennings described Madison "one of the best men that ever lived."

Jennings related the story that when a slave greeted Mr. Madison by removing his hat, Mr. Madison greeted him back by removing his own hat. When question on this practice, Madison replied:

<I never allow a negro to excel me in politeness.> 1751JM055

After James Madison's death, Dolley Madison was impoverished due to covering gambling debts of Payne Todd, her son from a previous marriage to John Todd, who had died in a yellow fever outbreak. To help Dolley, Paul Jennings gave "her small sums from my own pocket." Congress also agreed to buy from her the papers of James Madison.

On July 9, 1836, on the occasion of the death of James Madison, President Andrew Jackson sent a letter to Mrs. Dorothy "Dolley" Payne Madison at Montpelier, Virginia:

<Madam: It appearing to have been the intention of Congress to make me the organ of assuring you of the profound respect entertained by both its branches for your person and character, and of their sincere condolence in the late afflicting dispensation of Providence, which has at once deprived you of a beloved companion and your country of one of its most valued citizens, I perform that duty by transmitting the documents herewith enclosed.> 1751JM056

On August 20, 1836, Mrs. Dorothy "Dolley" Payne Madison answered President Andrew Jackson, delivering to him her husband's records of the early Congress:

<The best return I can make for the sympathy of my country is to fulfill the sacred trust his confidence reposed in me, that of placing before it and the world what his pen prepared for their use-a legacy of the importance of which is deeply impressed on my mind.> 1751JM057

--

American Quotations by William J. Federer, 2024, All Rights Reserved, Permission granted to use with acknowledgement.

Endnotes:

1751JM001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison. Princeton University. Stephen K. McDowell and Mark A. Beliles, America's Providential History (Charlottesville, VA: Providence Press, 1988), p. 93.

1751JM002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, November 9, 1772, in writing to William Bradford. William T. Hutchinson and William M. Rachal, eds., The Papers of James Madison (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), Vol. I, p. 51-60, 75. Tim LaHaye, Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Brentwood, TN: Wolgemuth & Hyatt, Publishers, Inc., 1987), pp. 130- 131. John Eidsmoe, Christianity and the Constitution-The Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, A Mott Media Book, 1987, 6th printing 1993), p. 98.

1751JM003. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, September 25, 1773 in a letter to William Bradford. James Madison, The Papers of James Madison, William T. Hutchinson and William M. Rachal, eds., (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), I:95-97. John Eidsmoe, Christianity and the Constitution-The Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, A Mott Media Book, 1987, 6th printing 1993), p. 100.

1751JM004. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014).. James Madison, January 24, 1774, in a letter to William Bradford. James Madison, The Papers of James Madison, William T. Hutchinson and William M. Rachal, eds., (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), I:104-6. John Eidsmoe, Christianity and the Constitution-The Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, A Mott Media Book, 1987, 6th printing 1993), p. 105.

1751JM004. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison. M.E. Bradford, Religion & The Framers: The Biographical Evidence (Marlborough, NH: The Plymouth Rock Foundation, 1991), p. 8. Gaillard Hunt, James Madison and Religious Liberty (Washington: American Historical Association, Government Printing Office, 1902), p. 167. Tim LaHaye, Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Brentwood, TN: Wolgemuth & Hyatt, Publishers, Inc., 1987), p. 128. Gaillard Hunt, The Life of James Madison (New York: Russell & Russell, 1902, 1968), p. 12. John Eidsmoe, Christianity and the Constitution-The Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, A Mott Media Book, 1987, 6th printing 1993), p. 105.

1751JM005. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, 1778, attributed. Harold K. Lane, Liberty! Cry Liberty (Boston: Lamb and Lamb Tractarian Society, 1939), pp. 32-33. Frederick Nymeyer, First Principles in Morality and Economics: Neighborly Love and Ricardo's Law of Association (South Holland: Libertarian Press, 1958), p. 31. Frederick Nymeyer, Progressive Calvinism, (South Holland, IL: Progressive Calvinism League, 366 East 166th Street, South Holland, Illinois, 1959), Vol. IV, p. 31; [from the George Sverdrup Library, Augsburg College, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55404.] Spiritual Mobilization Calendar (Los Angeles, CA: Spiritual Mobilization, First Congregational Church, January 1958), inscription. Rousas J. Rushdoony Institutes of Biblical Law (1973). Gary DeMar, God and Government-A Biblical and Historical Study (Atlanta, GA: American Vision Press, 1982), pp. 137-138. Russ Walton, Biblical Principles of Importance to Godly Christians (Marlborough, New Hampshire: Plymouth Rock Foundation, 1984), 361. Stephen K. McDowell and Mark A. Beliles, America's Providential History (Charlottesville, VA: Providence Press, 1988), p. 221. Benjamin Hart, Faith & Freedom-The Christian Roots of American Liberty (Dallas, TX: Lewis and Stanley, 1988), p. 18. D.P. Diffine, Ph.D., One Nation Under God-How Close a Separation? (Searcy, Arkansas: Harding University, Belden Center for Private Enterprise Education, 6th edition, 1992), p. 7. Rush H. Limbaugh III, See, I Told You So (New York, NY: reprinted by permission of Pocket Books, a division of Simon & Schuster Inc., 1993), pp. 73-76. Liberty and Justice for All (Virginia Beach, VA: Regent University, 1993), p. 6. D. James Kennedy and Jerry Newcomb, What if Jesus had never been born? (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Inc., 1994), p. 71. Kirk Fordice, Governor of the State of Mississippi, along with the Secretary of State, D.M., in an Executive Proclamation By The Governor of the State of Mississippi, declaring November 20-November 26, 1994, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed in the Capitol City of Jackson, August 24, 1994; August 23, 1993. Christine Tod Whitman, Governor of the State of New Jersey, along with Secretary of State Lonna R. Hooks, in an Executive Proclamation by the Governor of the State of New Jersey, declaring November 19-November 25, 1995, as "Christian Heritage Week," signed October 31, 1995. Courtesy of Bruce Barilla, Christian Heritage Week Ministry (P.O. Box 58, Athens, W.V. 24712; 304-384-7707, 304-384-9044 fax). Adrian Rogers, Ten Secrets for a successful family (Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 1996), p. 30.

1751JM006. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, Federalist Paper #39. Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison, The Federalist, on the New Constitution Written in 1788 (Philadelphia: Benjamin Warner, 1818), pp. 203-204, James Madison, Number 39. Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, The Federalist, on the New Constitution Written in 1788 (Philadelphia: Benjamin Warner, 1818), pp. 203-204, James Madison, Number 39.

1751JM007. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, November of 1784, in notes for a speech against the bill for government support of religion. Gaillard Hunt, ed., Writings of James Madison, comprising his public papers and his private correspondence, for the first time printed, 9 vols. (NY: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1900-1910). Norman Cousins, In God We Trust-The Religious Beliefs and Ideas of the American Founding Fathers (NY: Harper & Brothers, 1958), pp. 303-304. John Eidsmoe, Christianity and The Constitution- The Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Baker Book House, 1987), p. 109.

1751JM008. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, June 20, 1785. James Madison, A Memorial and Remonstrance (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, Rare Book Collection, delivered to the General Assembly of the State of Virginia, 1785; Massachusetts: Isaiah Thomas, 1786). Session of 1785 (Boston: Lincoln and Edmands, 1819), p. 7. Robert Rutland, ed., The Papers of James Madison (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), Vol. VIII, pp. 299, 304. Stephen McDowell and Mark Beliles, "The Providential Perspective" (Charlottesville, VA: The Providence Foundation, P.O. Box 6759, Charlottesville, Va. 22906, January 1994), Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 5. Norman Cousins, "In God We Trust" (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1958), p. 309. Tim LaHaye, Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Brentwood, TN: Wolgemuth & Hyatt, Publishers, Inc., 1987), p. 131. John Eidsmoe, Christianity and the Constitution-The Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, A Mott Media Book, 1987, 6th printing 1993), p. 107. Steve McDowell and Mark Beliles, America's Providential History (Charlottesville, VA: Providence Press, 1989), pp. 178-179.

1751JM010. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, October 31, 1785, "Bill for Punishing Disturbers of Religious Worship and Sabbath Breakers." Edmund Fuller and David E. Green, God in the White House-The Faiths of American Presidents (NY: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1968), p. 41. Daniel L. Driesbach, Real Threat and Mere Shadow: Religious Liberty and the First Amendment (Westchester, IL: Crossway Books, 1987), pp. 120-122. Benjamin Hart, Faith & Freedom-The Christian Roots of American Liberty (Dallas, TX: Lewis and Stanley, 1988), p. 352. John Whitehead, The Rights of Religious Persons in Public Schools (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, Good News Publishers, 1991), pp. 41, 235.

1751JM011. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, October 31, 1785, bill titled "For Appointing Days of Public Fasting and Thanksgiving." Benjamin Hart, Faith & Freedom-The Christian Roots of American Liberty (Dallas, TX: Lewis and Stanley, 1988), p. 353. Daniel L. Driesbach, Real Threat and Mere Shadow: Religious Liberty and the First Amendment (Westchester, IL: Crossway Books, 1987), pp. 120-122. Edmund Fuller and David E. Green, God in the White House-The Faiths of American Presidents (NY: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1968), p. 41. John Whitehead, The Rights of Religious Persons in Public Schools (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, Good News Publishers, 1991), pp. 41, 235.

1751JM012. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, 1787, in a remark on the floor of the Constitutional Convention. M.E. Bradford, A Worthy Company (Marlborough, New Hampshire: Plymouth Rock Foundation, 1982), p. 147. John Eidsmoe, Christianity and the Constitution-The Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, A Mott Media Book, 1987, 6th printing 1993), p. 102.

1751JM013. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, The Federalist No. 51, The Federalist Papers, Clinton Rossiter, ed., (New York: Mentor Books, 1961), p. 322. John Eidsmoe, Christianity and the Constitution- The Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, A Mott Media Book, 1987, 6th printing 1993), p. 102. David A. Noebel, Understanding The Times-The Story of the Biblical Christian, Marxist/Leninist and Secular Humanist Worldviews (Manitou Springs, CO: Summit Press, a branch of Summit Ministries, P.O. Box 207, Manitou Springs, Co., 80829, 1993), pp. 623-624. Irving Brant, James Madison-Father of the Constitution, 1787-1800 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1950), Vol. III, p. 84. Tim LaHaye, Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Brentwood, TN: Wolgemuth & Hyatt, Publishers, Inc., 1987), p. 126.

1751JM014. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, June 12, 1788, in a journal entry. Gaillard Hunt, ed., Writings of James Madison,comprising his public papers and his private correspondence, for the first time printed, 9 vols. (NY: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1900-1910), Vol. 5, pp. 132, 176. Norman Cousins, In God We Trust-The Religious Beliefs and Ideas of the American Founding Fathers (NY: Harper & Brothers, 1958), p. 315. John Whitehead, The Second American Revolution (Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books), p. 100.

1751JM015. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, October 15, 1788. Robert Rutland, ed., The Papers of James Madison (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), Vol. VIII, p. 293.

1751JM016. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, June 7, 1789, proposal introduced in Congress. John Eidsmoe, Christianity and the Constitution-The Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, A Mott Media Book, 1987, 6th printing 1993), p. 109.

1751JM017. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison. Gaillard Hunt, James Madison and Religious Liberty (Washington: American Historical Association, Government Printing Office, 1902), p. 166. Tim LaHaye, Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Brentwood, TN: Wolgemuth & Hyatt, Publishers, Inc., 1987), pp. 78, 127.

1751JM018. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, 1792. Our Ageless Constitution. Stephen McDowell and Mark Beliles, "The Providential Perspective" (Charlottesville, VA: The Providence Foundation, P.O. Box 6759, Charlottesville, Va. 22906, January 1994), Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 3. Benjamin Hart, Faith & Freedom-The Christian Roots of American Liberty (Dallas, TX: Lewis and Stanley, 1988), pp. 318-319.

1751JM019. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, 1792, in his definition of the word, "Property." Verna M. Hall, The Christian History of the Constitution of the United States of America-christian Self- Government with Union (San Francisco: Foundation for American Christian Education, 1976), p. 248A. Stephen McDowell and Mark Beliles, "The Providential Perspective" (Charlottesville, VA: The Providence Foundation, P.O. Box 6759, Charlottesville, Va. 22906, January 1994), Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 2. 1751JM020. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, March 4, 1809, Saturday, in his First Inaugural Address. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910), Vol. I, pp. 466-468. Irving Brant, James Madison (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941), Vol. V, p. 19. Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States-From George Washington 1789 to Richard Milhous Nixon 1969 (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office; 91st Congress, 1st Session, House Document 91-142, 1969), pp. 23-25. Davis Newton Lott, The Inaugural Addresses of the American Presidents (NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1961), p. 27. Charles E. Rice, The Supreme Court and Public Prayer (New York: Fordham University Press, 1964), pp. 179-180. Arthur M. Schlesinger, The State of the Union Messages of the Presidents, 1790-1966 (New York: Chelsea House-Robert Hector, 1966); Adrienne Koch, Madison's "Advice to My Country" (Princeton University Press, 1966), p. 43. Tim LaHaye, Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Brentwood, TN: Wolgemuth & Hyatt, Publishers, Inc., 1987), p. 131. Proclaim Liberty (Dallas, TX: Word of Faith), p. 1. John Eidsmoe, Christianity and the Constitution-The Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, A Mott Media Book, 1987, 6th printing 1993), p. 110. J. Michael Sharman, J.D., Faith of the Fathers (Culpeper, Virginia: Victory Publishing, 1995), p. 28.

1751JM021. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, November 29, 1809, in his First Annual Message to Congress. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910), Vol. I, p. 477.

1751JM022. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, October 27, 1810, in a Proclamation that the United States should take possession of the Territory south of the Mississippi Territory and eastward of the Mississippi River extending to the Perdido River. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910), Vol. I, p. 481.

1751JM023. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, December 5, 1810, in his Second Annual Message to Congress. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910), Vol. I, pp. 485-487.

1751JM024. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, November 5, 1811, in his Third Annual Message to Congress. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910), Vol. I, p. 496.

1751JM025. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, March 9, 1812, in a message to Congress. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910), Vol. I, p. 498.

1751JM026. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, June 1, 1812, in a message to Congress. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910), Vol. I, p. 504.

1751JM027. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, June 19, 1812, in a Proclamation of War between Great Britain and the United States. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910), Vol. I, p. 512.

1751JM028. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, July 9, 1812, in a Proclamation of a National Day of Public Humiliation and Prayer. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910), Vol. I, p. 513. Benjamin Franklin Morris, The Christian Life and Character of the Civil Institutions of the United States (Philadelphia: George W. Childs, 1864), p. 549. Irving Brant, James Madison (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941), Vol. V, p. 19; Vol. VI, p. 28. John Eidsmoe, Christianity and The Constitution-The Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Baker Book House, 1987), p. 111.

1751JM029. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, November 4, 1812, in his Fourth Annual Message to Congress. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910), Vol. I, pp. 514-521.

1751JM030. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, February 24, 1813, in a message to Congress. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910), Vol. I, pp. 522-523.

1751JM031. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, March 4, 1813, Thursday, in his Second Inaugural Address. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910), Vol. I, p. 524. Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States-From George Washington 1789 to Richard Milhous Nixon 1969 (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office; 91st Congress, 1st Session, House Document 91-142, 1969), pp. 26-28. Charles E. Rice, The Supreme Court and Public Prayer (New York: Fordham University Press, 1964), p. 180. J. Michael Sharman, J.D., Faith of the Fathers (Culpeper, Virginia: Victory Publishing, 1995), p. 29.

1751JM032. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, May 25, 1813, in a Special Session Message to Congress. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910), Vol. I, p. 530.

1751JM033. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, July 23, 1813, in a Proclamation of a National Day of Public Humiliation and Prayer. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910), Vol. I, pp. 532-533. Irving Brant, James Madison (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941), V:19, VI:198. John Eidsmoe, Christianity and the Constitution-The Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, A Mott Media Book, 1987, 6th printing 1993), p. 111.

1751JM034. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, December 7, 1813, in his Fifth Annual Message to Congress. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910), Vol. I, pp. 534-540.

1751JM035. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, September 1, 1814, in a National Proclamation after the British had invaded the Capitol. Nile's Weekly Register, Vol. 7, p. 2. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910), Vol. I, pp. 545-546.

1751JM036. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, September 20, 1814, in his Sixth Annual Message to Congress. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910), Vol. I, pp. 550-551.

1751JM037. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, November 16, 1814, in a Proclamation of a National Day of Public Humiliation, Fasting and Prayer. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910), Vol. I, p. 558.

1751JM038. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, February 18, 1815, in a message to Congress. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910), Vol. I, pp. 553-554.

1751JM039. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, March 4, 1815, Proclamation of a National Day of Thanksgiving. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910). Benjamin Franklin Morris, The Christian Life and Character of the Civil Institutions of the United States (Philadelphia: George W. Childs, 1864), p. 550.

1751JM040. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison. Frederick C. Leiner, The End of the Barbary Terror-America's 1815 War Against the Pirates of North Africa (Oxford University Press).

1751JM041. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). Theodore Roosevelt, Fear God and Take Your Own Part (NY: George Doran Co., 1916, p. 351).

1751JM042. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, December 5, 1815, in his Seventh Annual Message to Congress. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910), Vol. I, p. 568.

1751JM043. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, December 3, 1816, in his Eighth Annual Message to Congress. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910), Vol. I, pp. 574, 577, 580.

1751JM044. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, March 2, 1819, in a letter to Robert Walsh. Gaillard Hunt, ed., Writings of James Madison, for the first time printed, 9 vols. (NY: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1900-1910). Norman Cousins, In God We Trust-The Religious Beliefs and Ideas of the American Founding Fathers (NY: Harper & Brothers, 1958), pp. 319-320. 1751JM045. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, 1823, in a letter to Edward Everett. Gaillard Hunt, ed., Writings of James Madison, comprising his public papers and his private correspondence, for the first time printed, 9 vols. (NY: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1900-1910), Vol. IX, pp. 24- 30. Henry Steele Commager, ed., Freedom of Religion & Separation of Church and State (Mount Vernon, New York: A. Colish, Inc., 1985), p. 30.

1751JM046. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, April 7, 1824, the Board of Visitors of the University of Virginia, of which James Madison was a member, approved the regulations prepared by Thomas Jefferson, Rector of the University. Honeywell, The Educational Work of Thomas Jefferson (1931), pp. 249, 274-275. Charles E. Rice, The Supreme Court and Public Prayer (New York: Fordham University Press, 1964), p. 66. Saul K. Padover, ed., The Complete Jefferson, Containing His Major Writings, Published and Unpublished, Except His Letters (NY: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1943), p. 111. John Whitehead, The Rights of Religious Persons in Public Education (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, Good News Publishers, 1991), p. 47. Philip Alexander Bruce, The History of the University of Virginia 1819-1919 (NY: The Macmillan Co., 1920), Vol. II, p.367-69. Anson Phelps Stokes and Leo Pfeffer, Church and State in the United States (NY: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1950, revised one-volume edition, 1964), p. 54.

1751JM047. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, June 25, 1824, in a letter to Henry Lee. James Madison, The Writings of James Madison, Gaillard Hunt, editor (New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1910), Vol. IX, p. 191.

1751JM048. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, November 20, 1825, in a letter to Frederick Beasley. Norman Cousins, In God We Trust-The Religious Beliefs and Ideas of the American Founding Fathers (NY: Harper & Brothers, 1958), p. 321. A.D. Wainwright, ed., Madison and Witherspoon: Theological Roots of American Political Thought (The Princeton University Library Chronicle, Spring 1961), p. 125. Charles E. Rice, The Supreme Court and Public Prayer (New York: Fordham University Press, 1964), p. 45. Tim LaHaye, Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Brentwood, TN: Wolgemuth & Hyatt, Publishers, Inc., 1987), p. 131. "Our Christian Heritage," Letter from Plymouth Rock (Marlborough, NH: The Plymouth Rock Foundation), p. 4. John Eidsmoe, Christianity and the Constitution-The Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, A Mott Media Book, 1987, 6th printing 1993), p. 110. Stephen McDowell and Mark Beliles, "The Providential Perspective" (Charlottesville, VA: The Providence Foundation, P.O. Box 6759, Charlottesville, Va. 22906, January 1994), Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 8.

1751JM049. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, 1832, in an essay by Rev. Jasper Adams, President of the College of Charleston, South Carolina. Adrienne Koch, Madison's "Advice to My Country," (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1966), p. 43. John Eidsmoe, Christianity and The Constitution-The Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Baker Book House, 1987), p. 110. Daniel L. Dreisbach, editor, Religion and Politics in the Early Republic: Jasper Adams and the Church-State Debate (Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 1996), p. 117.

1751JM149. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison. Bishop William Meade, Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1857), Vol. II, p. 99-100).

1751JM050. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, in his study notes of the 20th chapter of Acts. Irving Bryant, James Madison (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941), I:56-57. John Eidsmoe, Christianity and the Constitution-The Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, A Mott Media Book, 1987, 6th printing 1993), pp. 94, 97. James Madison, The Papers of James Madison, William T. Hutchinson and William M. Rachel, eds. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), Vol. I, pp. 51-60. Tim LaHaye, Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Brentwood, TN: Wolgemuth & Hyatt, Publishers, Inc., 1987), p. 130.

1751JM051. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison. William C. Rives, Biography of James Madison, Vol. I, pp. 33-34. Stephen Abbott Northrop, D.D., A Cloud of Witnesses (Portland, OR: American Heritage Ministries, 1987; Mantle Ministries, 228 Still Ridge, Bulverde, Texas), p. 307.

1751JM052. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison. William C. Rives, Biography of James Madison, Vol. I, pp. 33-34. Stephen Abbott Northrop, D.D., A Cloud of Witnesses (Portland, OR: American Heritage Ministries, 1987; Mantle Ministries, 228 Still Ridge, Bulverde, Texas), p. 307.

1751JM053. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison. William C. Rives, Biography of James Madison, Vol. I, pp. 33-34. Stephen Abbott Northrop, D.D., A Cloud of Witnesses (Portland, OR: American Heritage Ministries, 1987; Mantle Ministries, 228 Still Ridge, Bulverde, Texas), p. 307.

1751JM058. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison. September, 1833, letter. Religion and Politics in the Early Republic: Jasper Adams and the Church-State Debate, Daniel L. Dreisbach, editor (Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 1996), p. 117.

1751JM054. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison. John Eidsmoe, Christianity and the Constitution-The Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, A Mott Media Book, 1987, 6th printing 1993), p. 104. Adrienne Koch, Madison's "Advice to My Country" (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1966), p. 135.

1751JM055. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison. Paul Jennings, Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison (Brooklyn: George C. Beadle, 1865), 19-20. John Eidsmoe, Christianity and the Constitution-The Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, A Mott Media Book, 1987, 6th printing 1993), p. 105. Henry Chase, "Plotting a Course for Freedom," American Visions 10:1 (Feb 1995): 52- 55; Edwards, G. Franklin and Michael R. Winston, "Commentary: The Washington of Paul Jennings - White House Slave, Free Man, and Conspirator for Freedom," White House History 1:1 (1983): 52-63, 27 Oct. 2008, review by Zachary Hutchins. http://www.whitehousehistory.org/08/subs/images_subs/whitehousehistory_01- jennings.pdf.

1751JM056. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, July 9, 1836, in a letter from President Andrew Jackson to Mrs. Dorothy "Dolley" Payne Madison at Montpelier, Virginia, upon the death of James Madison. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910), Vol. II, p. 261.

1751JM057. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). James Madison, August 20, 1836, Mrs. Dorothy "Dolley" Payne Madison in answer to President Andrew Jackson. James D. Richardson (U.S. Representative from Tennessee), ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, published by Authority of Congress, 1897, 1899; Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1789-1902, 11 vols., 1907, 1910), Vol. II, p. 262.