William Penn (October 14, 1644-July 30, 1718) was the founder of Pennsylvania. He was the son of a British Navy Admiral, of the same name, who discovered Bermuda and helped strengthen King Charles II's throne. William Penn attended Oxford University, and later studied law. In 1667, at the age of 22, William Penn was impressed by a sermon delivered by Thomas Loe, titled, "The Sandy Foundation Shaken." He converted to the Christian beliefs of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, who at that time were scorned and ridiculed.
In his Treatise on the Religion of the Quakers, William Penn proclaimed:
<I do declare to the whole world that we believe the Scriptures to contain a declaration of the mind and will of God in and to those ages in which they were written; being given forth by the Holy Ghost moving in the hearts of holy men of God; that they ought also to be read, believed, and fulfilled in our day; being used for reproof and instruction, that the man of God may be perfect. They are a declaration and testimony of heavenly things themselves, and, as such, we carry a high respect for them. We accept them as the words of God Himself.> 1644WP001
William Penn became a Quaker preacher and writer. Beginning in 1668, he suffered imprisonment over three times for his faith. Once he was imprisoned in the Tower of London for eight months, during which time he wrote the classic book, No Cross, No Crown:
<No pain, no palm; no thorns, no throne; no gall, no glory; no cross, no crown.> 1644WP002
<Christ's cross is Christ's way to Christ's crown. This is the subject of the following discourse, first written during my confinement in the Tower of London in the year of 1668, now reprinted with great enlargement of matter and testimonies, that thou mayest be won to Christ, or if won already, brought nearer to Him. It is a path which God in his everlasting kindness guided my feet into, in the flower of my youth, when about two and twenty years of age.
He took me by the hand and led me out of the pleasures, vanities and hopes of the world. I have tasted of Christ's judgments, and of his mercies, and of the world's frowns and reproaches. I rejoice in my experience, and dedicate it to thy service in Christ....
The unmortified Christian and the heathen are of the same religion, and the deity they truly worship is the god of this world. What shall we eat? What shall we drink? What shall we wear? And how shall we pass away our time?
Which way may we gather and perpetuate our names and families in the earth? It is a mournful reflection, but a truth which will not be denied, that these worldly lusts fill up a great part of the study, care and conversation of Christendom.
The false notion that they may be children of God while in a state of disobedience to his holy commandments, and disciples of Jesus though they revolt from his cross, and members of his true church, which is without spot or wrinkle, notwithstanding their lives are full of spots and wrinkles, is of all other deceptions upon themselves the most pernicious to their eternal condition for they are at peace in sin and under a security in their transgression.> 1644WP003
William Penn stated:
<Read my "No Cross, No Crown." There is instruction. Make your conversation with the most eminent for wisdom and piety, and shun all wicked men as you hope for the blessing of God and the comfort of your father's living and dying prayers. Be sure you speak evil of none, not of the meanest, much less of your superiors as magistrates, guardians, teachers, and elders in Christ.> 1644WP004
William Penn traveled and preached throughout Holland and Germany with George Fox, the founder of Quakerism. He met many persecuted Christians of various denominations, who desired to worship God in their own way without fear. In his account, Travels in Holland and Germany, William Penn recorded:
<As I have been traveling, the great work of Christ in the earth has often been presented to my view, and the day of the Lord hath been deeply impressed upon me, and my soul and spirit hath frequently been possessed with an holy and weighty concern for the glory and name of the Lord and the spreading of his everlasting truth.> 1644WP005
In 1670, William Penn's father, Admiral Sir William Penn, who had been a courageous admiral in the King's navy, died. Admiral William Penn fought for King Charles I on the Irish Seas, and chased Prince Rupert on the Mediterranean He fought the Dutch in the First Anglo-Dutch War, 1652-1654. In 1655, Admiral William Penn, accompanied by Pilgrim leader Edward Winslow, was sent by Oliver Cromwell on an expedition in Spanish West Indies against Hispaniola. They were not successful, and Edward Winslow died at sea. Penn then captured Jamaica and founded Port Royal
Port Royal had quite a colorful history. Spain laid claim to the Island of Jamaica since Columbus was shipwrecked there in 1503. In 1655, Jamaica was captured by British Admiral William Penn, father of Pennsylvania's founder, but it was too far from England to defend, so the inhabitants turned to privateers, pirates and buccaneers for protection.
The likes of Blackbeard, Calico Jack and Captain Henry Morgan, namesake of the rum, attacked Spanish ships and returned to Jamaica with their booty. On the island's sandy southeast coast, the city of Port Royal grew to surpass Boston as England's most prosperous New World settlement. Many of the Caribbean's thousand pirates and smugglers operated from there, with half of the 200 ships a year passing through the harbor transporting slaves, liquor, and other contraband trade to Spanish America.
Because of the drinking, gaming houses, slave trading, brothels, taverns and grog shops, frequented by "pirates, cutthroats, whores and some of the vilest persons in the whole of the world," Port Royal was called "the richest and wickedest city in the world" or "the Sodom of the New World."
Suddenly, June 7, 1692, an earthquake and tsunami sank it under the sea, followed by violent aftershocks. Over 2,000 drowned. Graves were opened and bodies washed about. It devoured the town's wharf, "with all those goodly brick houses upon it...and two entire streets beyond that," enormous waves tossed ships from the harbor into destroyed buildings, and in many places the ground opened up and "swallow'd up multitudes of people together."
Members of the Jamaica Council declared: "We are become by this, an instance of God Almighty's severe judgment," and every future "seventh of June...be kept and observed by all the inhabitants of this Island, as an anniversary day of fasting and humiliation," in hopes that acknowledging "manifold sins and wickednesses committed against his Divine Majesty," may "appease God's imminent wrath and prevent heavier judgements."
A Quaker resident, John Pike, wrote June 19, 1691: "Ah brother! If thou didst see those great persons that are now dead upon the water thou couldst never forget it. Great men who were so swallowed up with pride, that a man could not be admitted to speak with them, and women whose top-knots seemed to reach the clouds, now lie stinking upon the water, and are made meat for fish and fowls of the air."
Eye-witness Rev. Emmanuel Heath, the Anglican rector for Port Royal, had finished his morning prayer service at St Paul's Church and was meeting with John White, president of the island's council, when the floor began "rowling and moving" and they "heard the church and tower fall."
Rev. Heath wrote: "Port Royal was terribly destroyed by an earthquake and breaking in of the sea upon it. The destruction was sudden...in four minutes multitudes were killed by the falling houses...I believe God I never in my life saw such a terror...the earth opened and swallowed up people before my face...The sea swallowed up the greatest part of that wretched sinful place...They are so wicked, I fear God...will utterly destroy all by this dreadful Judgment...By this terrible judgment, God will make them reform their lives, for there was not a more ungodly people on the face of the earth."
A resident, Samuel Bernard, wrote: "We shall be unworthy of God's mercies if we be not by His judgments taught to learn righteousness."
In September of 1860, Jamaica was visited with a tremendous revival, as documented in Dr. J. Edwin Orr's book, "The Event of the Century: The 1857-1858 Awakening." Beginning in St. Elizabeth Parish, as recorded by Moravian missionary Rev. Theodor Sonderman, it spread to Montego Bay, Bethel Town, Spanish Town and Kingston. Thousands were baptized and churches of every denomination were crowded to overflowing.
In 1660, Admiral William Penn was sent to the Hague, Netherlands, to bring King Charles II back to England, thus ending Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate. King Charles II owed Admiral Penn a tremendous amount of money, but being short on funds, decided to repay him with a land grant in America. Admiral William Penn died September 16, 1670.
In 1681, as heir of his father's estate, the son William Penn received the grant from Charles II. The area consisted of all the land between Maryland and New York. The following year, Penn received from the Duke of York the territory that is now Delaware. William Penn had named the area "Sylvania," meaning "woodland," but King Charles II changed it to "Pennsylvania." The state has since become known as "The Quaker State," due to the members of the Society of Friends who helped found it.
On January 1, 1681, William Penn wrote to a friend concerning the land given to him, declaring he would:
<Make and establish such laws as shall best preserve true Christian and civil liberty, in all opposition to all unchristian...practices.> 1644WP006
William Penn continued, January 1, 1681:
<I eyed the Lord in obtaining it and more was I drawn inward to look to Him, and to owe it to His hand and power than to any other way. I have so obtained it, and desire to keep it, that I may not be unworthy of His love. God that has given it to me, through many difficulties, will, I believe, bless and make it the seed of a nation.> 1644WP007
William Penn was intent on making friends with the native inhabitants. He insisted on buying parcels of land from the Indians, rather than just taking it. History records that, due to his fair dealings, the colony never suffered an Indian attacked. On August 18, 1681, in a letter to the Indians in Pennsylvania, William Penn stated:
<My Friends:
There is one great God and Power that hath made the world and all things therein, to whom you and I and all people owe their being and well-being, and to whom you and I must one day give an account, for all that we doe in the world; This great God hath written His law in our hearts by which we are taught and commanded to love and help and doe good to one another and not to doe harm and mischief one unto another....
Now this great God hath pleased to make me concerned in my parts of the world, and the king of the country where I live, hath given unto me a great province therein, but I desire to enjoy it with your love and consent, that we may always live together as neighbors and friends, else what would the great God say to us, who hath made us not to devour and destroy one another, but to live soberly and kindly together in the world....
I have great love and regard towards you, and I desire to gain your love and friendship by a kind, just and peaceable life, and the people I send are of the same mind, and shall in all things behave themselves accordingly....
I shall shortly come to you myself at which time we may more freely and largely confer and discourse of these matters. Receive those presents and tokens which I have sent to you as a testimony to my goodwill to you and my resolution to live justly, peaceably and friendly with you.
I am your loving friend, William Penn.> 1644WP008
Indians along the Delaware River called themselves "Lenape," meaning in Algonquin "the people," and were in three clans: Turtle, Wolf and Turkey.
William Penn, called "Miquon" meaning quill, and Turtle chief Tamanend made a peace treaty June 23, 1683, under an elm tree in what was to be Philadelphia. The Peace Treaty with the peaceful Quakers lasted 70 years.
In 1697, Chief Tamanend's last message before he died was "We and Christians of this river have always had a free roadway to one another, and though sometimes a tree has fallen cross the road, yet we have removed it again and kept the path clear."
During the French & Indian War, 1754-1763, the Turkey clan attacked English settlers.
In 1778, Turtle clan chief Gelelemend signed the first Indian treaty with the U.S. Government and later was converted to Christianity by German Moravian missionaries. At Gelelemend's baptism ceremony in Salem, Ohio, in 1788, he took the name William Henry, after the man who had rescued him during the French and Indian War. Gelelemend died in 1811, and many of his descendents carry the middle name "Henry."
The Wolf clan converted, being called Christian Munsee, but were mistakenly confused with hostile Indians and tragically murdered in 1782.
The Lenape Indians fled to Ontario, Canada, and settled at Fairfield, where their Christian community along the Thames River was commonly called Moraviantown.
British supported and encouraged Indian attacks on America's frontier settlements at the beginning of the War of 1812. General William Henry Harrison defeated a confederation of tribes lef by Shawnee Chief Tecumseh at the Battle of the Thames. Unfortunately for the Lanape Indians, their Moraviantown settlement was also destroyed.
After the War of 1812, the Christian Munsee Lenape Indians fled west to Wisconsin, Kansas, where in 1861, John Henry Killbuck, great-grandson of Chief Gelelemend, was born. The tribe then migrated to the Indian Territory, Oklahoma. John Henry Killbuck attended the Moravian Seminary and in 1884 became one of the first Christian missionaries to the Yupik Indians in Alaska.
In 1682, William Penn, who had experienced religious persecution for his faith in England, established the colony as a land of religious freedom, granting toleration to every denomination. He printed advertisements in six different languages and sent them across Europe.
Soon Quakers, Mennonites, Pietists, Amish, Anabaptists, Lutherans, Reformed, Moravians, Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, Dunkards (German Baptists), Brethren, Schwenkfelders, and French Huguenots from England, Sweden, Wales, Germany, Scotland and Ireland all began arriving in his "holy experiment."
To emphasize his plan for Christians working together, he named their city "Philadelphia," which is Greek for "City of Brotherly Love." His concept was that religion is not to be limited to a Sunday ceremonial ritual, but should be an integral aspect of every day life, demonstrated by working with others. In 1733, Philadelphia allowed the only English-speaking Catholic Church in the world at that time. Philadelphia's first synagogue was built in 1782.
In 1684, William Penn composed his Prayer for Philadelphia, displayed in the Philadelphia City Hall:
<And thou, Philadelphia, the Virgin settlement of this province named before thou wert born, what love, what care, what service and what travail have there been to bring thee forth and preserve thee from such as would abuse and defile thee.
O that thou mayest be kept from the evil that would overwhelm thee.
That faithful to the God of thy mercies, in the Life of Righteousness, thou mayest be preserved to the end. My soul prays to God for thee, that thou mayest stand in the day of trial, that thy children may be blest of the Lord and thy people saved by His Power.> 1644WP009
William Penn labored to end slavery in the colonies, established a public grammar school in Philadelphia, 1689, and presented the first plan for a union of the colonies to the Board of Trade in London, 1697. On October 28, 1701, William Penn issued the Charter of Privileges to the province of Pennsylvania. In 1701, William Penn left Pennsylvania for London, unaware that he would never again return to his colony. In his farewell to the inhabitants of Pennsylvania, he stated:
<You are come to a quiet land, and liberty and authority are in your hands. Rule for Him under whom the princes of this world will one day esteem it their honor to govern in their places.> 1644WP010
In 1687-1689, Czar Peter the Great of Russia toured western Europe incognito, including the Netherlands, Vienna and England. He met William Penn in Deptford, England, conversing in German, a language they were both fluent in, and the Czar even frequented a Friends Quaker meeting.
Later, on July 2, 1698, William Penn wrote to Czar Peter the Great, as recorded in The Life of William Penn: With Selections From His Correspondence and Autobiography (Second Edition, Revised, by Samuel Mcpherson Janney, Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1853):
<It was a profound respect, and not a vain curiosity, great Czar, which brought me twice to wait upon thee. My desire was, and is, that as God Almighty has distinguished thee above so many millions of thy fellow-creatures, so thou mayest distinguish thyself above them by an extraordinary zeal for piety and charity, which are the two legs the Christian religion stands upon; and where they are wanting or defective, it must needs fall in the streets to the scorn and triumph of the heathen.
May thy example show thee to be as good as great, that thou mayst bear His image by whom kings reign and princes decree justice, which, without goodness, power itself can never do. Optimus was, of old, preferred to Maximus among heathen princes, much more thou shouldst be among Christian emperors.
If thou wouldst rule well, thou must rule for God; and to do that, thou must be ruled by him who has given to kings his grace to command themselves and their subjects, and to the people the grace to obey God and their kings.
Know, great Czar, and take it with thee, as one part of the collection of knowledge thou art making in this unexampled travel, that 'tis in this kingdom of England that God has visited and touched the hearts of a people, above forty years ago, by the holy light and grace of his Son and our Saviour Jesus Christ.
By which their minds have been turned from false worship and evil living to worship God, who is a Spirit, in and by his own Spirit, and be led by it in their conversation, that they may bring forth the fruits of it among men to his praise that has called them.
They are an inward and retired people, that dare not conform themselves to vain inventions and fashions of the world, either in religious or civil conversation, but live and act as believing that God seeth them in all they do, and will judge them according to what they do. They teach that men must be holy, or they cannot be happy - that they should be few in words, peaceable in life, suffer wrongs, love enemies, deny themselves - without which, faith is false, worship formality, and religion hypocrisy.
Yet they are an industrious people in their generation, and though against superfluity, yet lovers of ingenuity. It was in their name five of us came to salute thee, who wish thou mayst have an eye to this Divine principle of life and light in the soul, a measure of which is given to thee and all men to profit with.
That by it piety, wisdom, and charity may dwell with thee, and thou mayst be qualified to serve the mighty God suitable to the great opportunities he hath put into thy hands, so prays a little man, by thy great friend and well- wisher, William Penn, 7th mo. 2 '98> 1644WP011
Samuel Mcpherson Janney wrote in The Life of William Penn: With Selections From His Correspondence and Autobiography (Second Edition, Revised, by, Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1853):
<The impression produced upon him [Czar Peter] by this intercourse with Friends in England appears to have been lasting; for fifteen years afterward, being in the city of Frederickstadt in Holstein, with an army to assist the Danes against the Swedes, he inquired if there were any Quakers there?
One of the burgomasters told him there were a few: he then asked if they had a meeting, and being answered in the affirmative, he desired that officer to inform them that if they would appoint a meeting he would attend it.
The burgomaster replied that there were thirty soldiers quartered in the meeting-house. The Czar ordered them to be removed immediately, and the house to be put in order; which being done, the meeting was appointed, and he attended with a number of his officers.
Philip Defair preached, to which they all paid great attention, and the czar being better acquainted with the language than the rest, interpreted for them, observing, at the close of the meeting, that "whoever could live according to that doctrine would be happy."> 1644WP111
William Penn is attributed with the statement:
<Those who will not be governed by God will be ruled by tyrants.> 1644WP112
William Penn stated:
<True Godliness doesn't turn men out of the World, but enables them to live better in it, and excites their endeavors to mend it.> 1644WP012
In his Book of Psalms, William Penn stated:
<Set forth and allowed to be sung in all churches, of all the people together, before and after morning and evening prayer, and moreover in private houses for their godly solace and comfort, laying apart all ungodly songs and ballads: which tend only to the nourishing of vice and corruption of youth.> 1644WP013
In his sermon, A Summons or call to Christendom-In an earnest expostulation with her to prepare for the Great and Notable Day of the Lord that is at the Door, William Penn stated:
<For in Jesus Christ, the light of the world, are hid all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge; redemption and glory; they are hid from the worldly Christian, from all that are captivated by the spirit and lusts of the world:
and whoever would see them (for therein consists the things that belong to their eternal peace) must come to Christ Jesus the true light in their consciences, bring their deeds to Him, love Him and obey Him; whom God hath ordained a light to lighten the Gentiles, and for His salvation to the ends of the earth.> 1644WP014
William Penn wrote:
<My dear Wife and Children:
My love, which neither sea nor land nor death itself can extinguish or lessen toward you, most endearly visits you with eternal embraces, and will abide with you forever; and may the God of my life watch over you and bless you, and do good in this world and forever!
Some things are upon my spirit to leave with you in your respective capacities, as I am to the one a husband and to the rest a father, if I should never see you more in this world.
My dear wife, remember thou wast the love of my youth and much the joy of my life; the most beloved as well as the most worthy of all my earthly comforts; and the reason of that love was more thy inward than thy outward excellencies, which yet were many.
God knows, and thou knowest it, I can say it was a match of Providence's making and God's image in us both was the first thing, and the most amiable and engaging ornament in our eyes. Now I am to leave thee, and that without knowing whether I shall ever see thee more in this world; take my counsel into thy bosom and let it dwell with thee in my stead while thou livest.
First: Let the fear of the Lord and a zeal and love to his glory dwell richly in thy heart; and thou wilt watch for good over thyself and thy dear children and family, that no rude, light, or bad thing be committed; else God will be offended, and He will repent Himself of the good He intends thee and thine....
And now, my dearest, let me recommend to thy care my dear children; abundantly beloved of me as the Lord's blessings, and the sweet pledges of our mutual and endeared affection. Above all things endeavor to breed them up in the love and virtue, and that holy plain way of it which we have lived in, that the world in no part of it get into my family.
I had rather they were homely than finely bred as to outward behavior; yet I love sweetness mixed with gravity and cheerfulness tempered with sobriety. Religion in the heart leads into this true civility, teaching men and women to be mild and courteous in their behavior, an accomplishment worthy indeed of praise.> 1644WP015
In 1819, the Biographical Review in London described William Penn as having:
<Established an absolute toleration; it was his wish that every man who believed in God should partake of the rights of a citizen; and that every man who adored Him as a Christian, of whatever sect he might be, should be a partaker in authority.> 1644WP016
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American Quotations by William J. Federer, 2024, All Rights Reserved, Permission granted to use with acknowledgement.
Endnotes:
1644WP001. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). William Penn, Treatise of the Religion of the Quakers. Stephen Abbott Northrop, D.D., A Cloud of Witnesses (Portland, OR: American Heritage Ministries, 1987; Mantle Ministries, 228 Still Ridge, Bulverde, Texas), p. 355. The World Book Encyclopedia, 18 vols. (Chicago, IL: Field Enterprises, Inc., 1957; W.F. Quarrie and Company, 8 vols., 1917; World Book, Inc., 22 vols., 1989), Vol. 13, pp. 6181-6183, 6192-6195.
1644WP002. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). William Penn, No Cross, No Crown, 1668. Burton Stevenson, The Home Book of Quotations (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1967), p. 267. The World Book Encyclopedia, 18 vols. (Chicago, IL: Field Enterprises, Inc., 1957; W.F. Quarrie and Company, 8 vols., 1917; World Book, Inc., 22 vols., 1989), Vol. 13, pp. 6181-6183, 6192-6195.
1644WP003. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). William Penn, from his writing No Cross, No Crown, written while imprisoned in the Tower of London for 8 months. Thomas Pyrn Cope, ed., Passages from the Life and Writings of William Penn (Philadelphia: Friends Bookstore, 1882).
1644WP004. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). William Penn. Chambers' Cyclopedia of English Literature, Acme Edition, vol.III, p. 12. Stephen Abbott Northrop, D.D., A Cloud of Witnesses (Portland, OR: American Heritage Ministries, 1987; Mantle Ministries, 228 Still Ridge, Bulverde, Texas), p. 355.
1644WP005. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). William Penn, Travels in Holland and Germany. Stephen Abbott Northrop, D.D., A Cloud of Witnesses (Portland, OR: American Heritage Ministries, 1987; Mantle Ministries, 228 Still Ridge, Bulverde, Texas), p. 355. The World Book Encyclopedia, 18 vols. (Chicago, IL: Field Enterprises, Inc., 1957; W.F. Quarrie and Company, 8 vols., 1917; World Book, Inc., 22 vols., 1989), Vol. 13, pp. 6181-6183, 6192-6195.
1644WP006. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). William Penn, January 1, 1681. Peter G. Mode, Sourcebook and Bibliographical Guide for American Church History (Menasha, WI: George Banta Publishing Co., 1921), p. 163. Thomas Clarkson, Memoirs of the Private and Public Life of William Penn (London: Longman, Hunt, Rees, Orme, & Brown, 1813), Vol. I, p. 287. 1644WP007. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). William Penn, January 1, 1681. Remember William Penn, 1644-1944, Tercentenary Memorial (Harrisburg, PA: The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and Pennsylvania Historical Commission, 1944). Thomas Clarkson, Memoirs of the Private and Public Life of William Penn (London: Longman, Hunt, Rees, Orme, & Brown, 1813), Vol. I, p. 280. Robert Flood, The Rebirth of America (Philadelphia: Arthur S. DeMoss Foundation, 1986), pp. 46-47. The World Book Encyclopedia, 18 vols. (Chicago, IL: Field Enterprises, Inc., 1957; W.F. Quarrie and Company, 8 vols., 1917; World Book, Inc., 22 vols., 1989), Vol. 13, pp. 6181-6183, 6192-6195.
1644WP008. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). William Penn, August 18, 1681, in his letter to the Indians before his arrival. Pennsylvania Historical Society Collection, Philadelphia. The World Book Encyclopedia, 18 vols. (Chicago, IL: Field Enterprises, Inc., 1957; W.F. Quarrie and Company, 8 vols., 1917; World Book, Inc., 22 vols., 1989), Vol. 13, pp. 6181-6183, 6192- 6195.
1644WP009. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). William Penn, 1684, Prayer for Philadelphia (Philadelphia, PA: Historical Society of Pennsylvania).
1644WP010. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). William Penn, 1701, in his farewell to the Pennsylvania Colony. George Bancroft, History of the United States of America, 6 vols. (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, Third Edition, 1838), Vol. 2, p. 393. Gary DeMar, "God and the Constitution" (Atlanta, GA: The Biblical Worldview, An American Vision Publication-American Vision, Inc., December 1993), p. 9.
1644WP011. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). William Penn, July 2, 1698, to Peter the Great, Czar of Russia. Samuel Mcpherson Janney, The Life of William Penn: With Selections From His Correspondence and Autobiography, Second Edition, Revised (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1853), p. 406-410. Stephen K. McDowell and Mark A. Beliles, America's Providential History (Charlottesville, VA: Providence Press, 1988), p. 62. Hildegarde Dolson, William Penn: Quaker Hero (NY: Random House, 1961), p. 155. D.P. Diffine, Ph.D., One Nation Under God-How Close a Separation? (Searcy, Arkansas: Harding University, Belden Center for Private Enterprise Education, 6th edition, 1992), p. 4. The Annals of America, 20 vols. (Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1968), Vol. I, p. 189. Charles Fadiman, ed., The American Treasury (NY: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1955), p. 116.
1644WP111. William Penn, influence on Peter the Great, Czar of Russia. Samuel Mcpherson Janney, The Life of William Penn: With Selections From His Correspondence and Autobiography, Second Edition, Revised (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1853), p. 406-410.
1644WP112. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). William Penn. Virginia Ely (-1899), I Quote: a Collection of Ancient & Modern Wisdom & Insperation (NY, George W. Stewart, Publisher, Inc., 1947; Revell, 1962), p. 189. Stephen K. McDowell and Mark A. Beliles, America's Providential History (Charlottesville, VA: Providence Press, 1988), p. 62. Hildegarde Dolson, William Penn: Quaker Hero (NY: Random House, 1961), p. 155. D.P. Diffine, Ph.D., One Nation Under God-How Close a Separation? (Searcy, Arkansas: Harding University, Belden Center for Private Enterprise Education, 6th edition, 1992), p. 4. The Annals of America, 20 vols. (Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1968), Vol. I, p. 189. Charles Fadiman, ed., The American Treasury (NY: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1955), p. 116.
1644WP012. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). William Penn. Peter Marshall and David Manuel, The Glory of America (Bloomington, MN: Garborg's Heart'N Home, Inc., 1991), 10.14.
1644WP013. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). William Penn. Original Bible in the Penn Mutual Archives Collection, Philadelphia.
1644WP014. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). William Penn, in his sermon titled,"A Summons or Call to Christendom-In an Earnest Expostulation with Her to Prepare for the Great and Notable Day of the Lord that is at the Door."
1644WP015. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). William Penn, in a letter to his wife and family. Thomas Pyrn, editor, Passages from the Life and Writings of William Penn (Philadelphia: Friends Bookstore, 1882).
1644WP016. William J. Federer, American Quotations (2014). William Penn. The Biographical Review, 1819, London. Verna M. Hall, The Christian History of the Constitution of the United States of America (San Francisco: Foundation for American Christian Education, 1966), p. 262A. George Bancroft, Bancroft's History of the United States (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1859), Vol. II, p. 385. Mason Locke Weems, The Life of William Penn (Philadelphia: Uriah Hunt, 1836), p. 121.