"Epiphany" is a Greek word meaning "appearance" or "manifestation," celebrating Christ's "manifestation" to the world, as foretold in Isaiah 49:6:
"I will also give thee for a light to the Gentiles, that thou mayest be my salvation unto the end of the earth."
Epiphany commemorates the Wise Men, who were gentiles, visiting the infant Jesus, resulting in some cultures calling it Three Kings Day.
"Wise men from the East came to Jerusalem, saying, 'Where is He who has been born King of the Jews?
For we have seen His star in the East and have come to worship Him.'" Matthew, chapter 2.
Bible commentators describe the wise men coming from Persia - Babylonia, where centuries earlier Daniel had been a key leader, known for studying the fulfillment of prophecies, specifically when Jews would go back to rebuild Jerusalem:
"In the first year of Darius the son of Ahasuerus, by descent a Mede, who was made king over the realm of the Chaldeans ...
I, Daniel, perceived in the books the number of years that, according to the word of the Lord to Jeremiah the prophet, must pass before the end of the desolations of Jerusalem, namely, seventy years."
In c.445 BC, Daniel also gave his detailed prophecy of "seventy weeks" or seventy seven-year periods, regarding the coming of the Messiah:
"Seventy weeks are determined for your people and for your holy city, to finish the transgression, to make an end of sins, to make reconciliation for iniquity, to bring in everlasting righteousness, to seal up vision and prophecy, and to anoint the Most Holy.
Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the command to restore and build Jerusalem until Messiah the Prince, there shall be seven weeks and sixty-two weeks; the street shall be built again, and the wall, even in troublesome times. And after the sixty-two weeks Messiah shall be cut off, but not for Himself." Daniel 9:24-27.
Epiphany also commemorates Jesus being revealed to the world as the anointed Messiah at his baptism in the Jordan River, as recorded in John 1:29-34:
"The next day John seeth Jesus coming unto him, and saith, Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world ... that he should be made manifest to Israel ...
And John bare record, saying ... He that sent me ... said ... Upon whom thou shalt see the Spirit descending, and remaining on him, the same is he which baptizeth with the Holy Ghost. And I saw, and bare record that this is the Son of God."
The timing of Epiphany in 2020 was near the Great Conjunction of the planets Jupiter and Saturn.
The Winter Solstice, December 21, 2020, with these two planets being the closest they had been in 800 years, created a combined bright light that was unmistakably visible in the night sky.
This unusual celestial event stirred anticipation that the world may be entering the prophesied end times and the final "week " of Daniel's prophecy. Daniel 9:20-27.
Astronomer Johannes Kepler, speculated that such a conjunction might possibly have been the Star of Bethlehem which the gentile Wise Men saw.
Kepler wrote in 1614:
"This star is not of the ordinary run of comets or new stars ...
The Magi were of Chaldea, where was born astrology, of which this is a dictum: Great conjunctions of planets in cardinal points ... signify a universal change of affairs ...
Granted, then, that the new star of the Magi was first seen not only at the same time as Saturn and Jupiter were beheld each in the other's vicinity, namely June of B.C. 7, but also in the same part of the sky as the planets ...
What else could the Chaldeans conclude from their ... rules of their art, but that some event of the greatest moment was imminent? ...
Nor do I doubt but that God would have condescended to cater to the credulity of the Chaldeans. Kepleri opera omnia, (IV p. 347.)
BethlehemStar.com explains that Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion made it possible to determine the position of planets and stars in the past.
In September 3 B.C., at the time of the Jewish New Year, Rosh Hashanah, magi in the East would have observed Jupiter, the Planet of Kings, coming into conjunction with Regulus, the Star of Kings.
Observing the sky from the Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun, Jupiter then reversed its course to go around Regulus in a retrograde motion.
This happened not once, not twice, but three times in the next several months, all occurring within the constellation of Leo - the Lion, which is at the feet of the next rising constellation of Virgo - the Virgin.
Then, June 2 B.C., Jupiter came into conjunction with Venus - the Mother Planet, and the combine light would have appeared as one star, brighter than anyone had ever seen before.
By December 2 B.C., the magi, looking south from Jerusalem, would have seen Jupiter hanging over Bethlehem.
Jupiter was considered the King Planet as its mass is two and a half times greater than all the other planets in the Solar System combined. Ancients associated it with the Supreme God.
Saturn has darker associations, leading some to speculate that the conjunction of Jupiter's orbit overtaking Saturn's orbit is symbolic of the kingdom of darkness being revealed, but then being defeated by the appearance of the Kingdom of God.
Epiphany is celebrated on January 6th, which in Eastern Europe was considered the holiest day of the season.
Western Europe, though, celebrated December 25th, the birth of Christ, as the holiest day of the season.
As Eastern and Western Europe could not agree on which day was the holiest, it was decided at the Council of Tours in 567 AD, to make all 12 days from DECEMBER 25 to JANUARY 6 "The Twelve Days of Christmas."
The days were called "holy days," which later came to be pronounced "holidays."
The Council of Tours also returned the beginning of the year back to the ancient date of March 1st.
Prior to the invention of clocks, watches and digital devices, people all over the world looked to the position of the sun, moon and stars as a kind of clock in the sky.
Ancient peoples, for millennia, based their calendars on the position moon, whose lunar cycles incrementally shifted throughout the seasons, serving as an enormous generational calendar.
Remnants of March being the first month of the year can be seen in the old Roman Latin names of months: September, October, November, and December.
- "Sept" is Latin for seven;
- "Oct" is Latin for eight - as in octagon = eight sided;
- "Nov" is Latin for nine; and
- "Dec" is Latin for ten - as in decimal = divisible by ten.
As the Roman Empire expanded and conquered more nations, these lunar calendars were difficult to reconcile with each other.
In 45 B.C., Roman Emperor Julius Caesar became, in a sense, the first globalist.
He wanted a unified calendar for the entire Roman Empire.
Caesar made January 1st the beginning of the year, leading some Christian leaders to consider it a pagan date.
Julius Caesar introduced the solar-based "Julian Calendar," with 365 days, and an extra "leap day" at the end of February every 4th year.
Rome's old fifth month, Quintilis, was renamed after Julius Caesar, being called "July."
As it only had 30 days, Caesar took a day from the old end of the year, February, and added it to July, giving the month 31 days.
The next emperor, Augustus Caesar, renamed the old sixth month, Sextilis, after himself, calling it "August."
He also took a day from the old end of the year, February, was added to August, giving that month 31 days, and leaving February with only 28 days.
Augustus Caesar also wanted a world-wide tracking system to monitor and tax everyone under his control -- an empire-wide census.
Luke 21:1-3 "And it came to pass in those days, that there went out a decree from Caesar Augustus, that all the world should be taxed. - And this taxing was first made when Cyrenius was governor of Syria. - And all went to be taxed, every one into his own city."
For the first three centuries of Christianity, followers of Christ were persecuted throughout the Roman Empire in ten major persecutions.
Finally, Emperor Constantine ended the persecutions
in 313 A.D., and effectively made Christianity the recognized religion of the Empire.
Just as Julius Caesar unified the Roman Empire with the Julian Calendar, Constantine proposed at the Council of Nicaea in 325 A.D. to use the calendar to help unify the "Christian" Roman Empire.
The most important events in the Christian calendar were Christ's Death, Burial and Resurrection.
Christ's crucifixion as the Passover Lamb occurred on the Jewish Feast of Passover;
His being in the grave occurred on the Feast of Unleavened Bread; and
His Resurrection occurred on the Feast of First Fruits, or as it was later called, Easter.
The Apostle Paul wrote in First Corinthians 5:7-8
"For even Christ our Passover is sacrificed for us.
Therefore let us keep the feast, not with old leaven, neither with the leaven of malice and wickedness; but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth."
First Corinthians 15:20 "But now is Christ risen from the dead, and become the firstfruits of them that slept."
Constantine wanted a common date to celebrate Easter, and insisted the date be on a Sunday in the Roman solar calendar.
This effectively ended the original method of determining the date, which was by asking Jewish rabbis each year when the Passover Feast was to be observed based on the Hebrew lunar calendar - traditionally beginning the evening of 14th day of Nissan.
Constantine's act was a defining moment in the split between what had been a predominately Jewish Christian Church -- as Jesus and his disciples were Jewish -- and the emerging Gentile Christian Church.
The new method of determining the date of Easter was the first Sunday after the first paschal full moon falling on or after the Spring Equinox.
Tables were compiled with the future dates of Easter, but over time a slight discrepancy became evident.
"Equinox" is a solar calendar term: "equi" = "equal" and "nox" = "night." Thus "equinox" is when the daytime and nighttime are of equal duration.
It occurs once in the Spring around March 20 and once in the Autumn around September 22.
In the year 325 A.D., Easter was on March 21.
During the Middle Ages, France celebrated its New Year Day on Easter.
Other countries began their New Year on Christmas, December 25, and still others on Annunciation Day, March 25.
By 1582, it became clear that the Julian Calendar was slightly inaccurate, by about 11 minutes per year, resulting in the compiled tables having the date of Easter ten days ahead of the Spring Equinox, and even further from its origins in the Jewish Passover.
In 1582, Pope Gregory the Thirteenth decided to revise the calendar by eliminating ten days.
He set a leap year every 4th year with a minor adjustment.
There is NO leap year in years divisible by 100, but not by 400.
Thus, there is NO leap days in 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100.
Yet there ARE leap days in the years 1600, 2000, 2400.
It sounds complicated, but it is so accurate that the Gregorian Calendar is the most internationally used calendar today.
Pope Gregory's "Gregorian Calendar" also returned the beginning of the new year BACK to Julius Caesar's January 1st date.
As England was an Anglican Protestant country, it reluctantly postponed adopting the more accurate Catholic Gregorian Calendar.
Most of Protestant Europe did not adopt the Gregorian Calendar for nearly two centuries.
This gave rise to some interesting record keeping.
For example: ships would leave Protestant England on one date according to the Julian Calendar, called "Old Style" and arrive in Catholic Europe at an earlier date, as much of Europe was using the Gregorian Calendar, called "New Style."
Another example is that England's William Shakespeare and Spain's Miguel de Cervantes, author of Don Quixote of La Mancha.
They died on the same date, April 23, 1616, but when the differences between England's Julian Calendar and Spain's Gregorian Calendar are removed, Cervantes actually died ten days before Shakespeare.
In 1752, England and its colonies finally adopted the Gregorian Calendar, but by that time there was an 11 day discrepancy between the "Old Style" - OS, and the "New Style" - NS.
When America finally adjusted its calendar, the day after September 2, 1752 - Old Style, became September 14, 1752 - New Style.
There were reportedly accounts of confusion and rioting.
As countries of Western Europe, particularly Portuguese, Spanish, French, Dutch and English, began to trade and establish colonies around the world, the Gregorian Calendar came into international use around the globe.
All dates in the world are either BC "Before Christ" or AD "Anno Domini" -- meaning in the Year of the Lord's Reign.
In the late 19th century and early 20th centuries, secularists in academia popularized the use of BCE - "Before Common Era" and CE "Common Era."
The futile nature of their effort is displayed with the question: When did the recording of time change from Before Common Era to Common Era? The answer is, the birth of Christ.
In their attempt to ignore Christ they are, nonetheless, forced to acknowledge Him.
England's Henry the Eighth made the Anglican Church the country's established denomination in 1534.
As in other nations, the government proceeded to impose state-approved beliefs, demanding uniformity of doctrine and services, thus restricting the freedoms of conscience, speech, and expression.
During this time, Christian dissenters, nonconformists, separatists, such as Puritans, Presbyterians, Quakers, Anabaptists, and Catholics, fled from England to other European countries, or to the colonies in America.
Jews were expelled from England in 1290 by Edward the First and not allowed back in till Oliver Cromwell in 1657.
Dissenters who remained in England practiced their faith in secret, sometimes suffering the intolerance judges in court, open government persecution, and even martyrdom.
In 1625, a type of Sunday school catechism song came into use to teach children Christian doctrine, titled "In Those Twelve Days," where a spiritual meaning was assigned to each day.
IN THOSE TWELVE DAYS, 1625
Chorus:
In those twelve days, and
in those twelve days,
let us be glad,
For God of his power hath all things made.
1. What is that which is but one?
What is that which is but one?
We have but one God alone
In Heaven above sits on his throne. Chorus
2. What are they which are but two?
What are they which are but two?
Two Testaments, as we are told,
The one is New and the other Old. Chorus
3. What are they that are but three?
What are they that are but three?
Three persons in the Trinity,
The Father, Son, and Ghost Holy. Chorus
4. What are they that are but four?
What are they that are but four?
Four Gospels written true,
John, Luke, Mark, and Matthew. Chorus
5. What are they that are but five?
What are they that are but five?
Five senses we have to tell,
God grant us grace to use them well. Chorus
6. What are they that are but six?
What are they that are but six?
Six ages this world shall last,
Five of them are gone and past. Chorus
7. What are they that are but seven?
What are they that are but seven?
Seven days in the week have we,
Six to work and the seventh holy. Chorus
8. What are they that are but eight?
What are they that are but eight?
Eight beatitudes are given,
Use them well and go to Heaven. Chorus
9. What are they that are but nine?
What are they that are but nine?
Nine degrees of Angels high
Which praise God continually. Chorus
10. What are they that are but ten?
What are they that are but ten?
Ten Commandments God hath given,
Keep them right and go to Heaven. Chorus
11. What are they that are but eleven?
What are they that are but eleven?
Eleven thousand virgins did partake
And suffered death for Jesus' sake. Chorus
12. What are they that are but twelve?
What are they that are but twelve?
Twelve Apostles Christ did chuse
To preach the Gospel to the Jews. Chorus
Though it cannot be proven, the song, "In Those Twelve Days," is thought by many to have been the precursor to the English folk song, "The Twelve Days of Christmas," first printed in London in 1780, in the children's book, Mirth without Mischief.
An explanation of the song's possible meanings are:
My True Love = God Himself
1. Partridge = Jesus Christ - A partridge will feign injury to decoy predators from helpless nestlings - "He was wounded for our transgressions; He was bruised for our iniquities." Isaiah 53:5.
Pear Tree = Cross
2. Turtle Doves = Old & New Testaments
3. French Hens = Faith, Hope and Love
4. Calling Birds = Four Gospels
5. Golden Rings = Pentateuch-First 5 Books of Bible
6. Geese A-Laying = Six Days of Creation
7. Swans a-Swimming = Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit
8, Maids A-Milking = Eight Beatitudes
9. Ladies Dancing = Nine Fruits of the Holy Spirit
10. Lords A-Leaping = Ten Commandments
11. Pipers Piping = Eleven Faithful Apostles
12. Drummers = Twelve Points in Apostles Creed
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