In 1655, British Admiral William Penn, the father of Pennsylvania's founder, captured Jamaica from the Spanish.
As Jamaica was too far from England be defended, inhabitants turned to privateers, freebooters, buccaneers and pirates for protection.
Port Royal, Jamaica, became a haven for the likes of Blackbeard, Calico Jack and Captain Henry Morgan.
With English, Portuguese, French and Dutch establishing bases in the Caribbean, Spain's power was being challenged.
Spain's most prosperous port in the New World was Porto Bello, Panama.
Spanish ships were loaded at Porto Bello with gold and silver from Peru, and then they set sail for Spain.
In 1668, English privateer Captain Henry Morgan and some 500 buccaneers attacked and captured Porto Bello.
They cruelly tortured the inhabitants to get them to surrender their treasures.
Captain Morgan demanded 100,000 pesos of silver and gold from the Spanish to ransom the inhabitants of the fort and its town.
The repercussions of this attack ended the tenuous cease-fire between Spain and England, renewing open hostilities.
In 1669, Captain Henry Morgan sacked the Spanish port of Maracaibo, Venezuela.
Sailing into Lake Maracaibo in search of more treasure, Morgan was almost trapped.
He sent forward a decoy ship filled with gunpowder, which exploded and destroyed a Spanish ship.
He then faked a land attack, causing the Spanish fort to reposition its cannons landward, allowing him to quickly sail past to the sea.
In 1671, Morgan again sacked Panama.
In 1731, a Spanish commander in the Caribbean detained an English ship. He cut off the ear of the English Captain Robert Jenkins and told him to take it to his King.
This began the War of Jenkins' Ear.
British Admiral Edward Vernon recruited 400 American colonists, including Lawrence Washington, George Washington's older half-brother.
They sailed to Panama and captured the port city of Porto Bello.
British Admiral Edward Vernon also attacked Cartagena, Columbia, but was unable to capture it.
Lawrence Washington returned to Virginia as a 25-year-old war hero.
Lawrence served in Virginia's assembly and militia, and named his farm "Mount Vernon" in honor of Admiral Edward Vernon.
After Lawrence died, George, at age 20, inherited Mount Vernon.
In 1742, the War of Jenkin's Ear became combined with the War of Austrian Succession, which began when Marie Theresa became the first woman to take Austria's throne.
This pulled Prussia and France into the war which, because of intertwining treaties, enlarged into a conflict called King George's War in America.
The threat of war shook colonists in America out of complacency and contributed to the spread of the Great Awakening Revival.
The British took the French city of Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, in 1745, which had been the third busiest seaport in America, behind Boston and Philadelphia.
It also was New France's second most important commercial city after Quebec.
France wanted Louisbourg back, so they sent Admiral d'Anville in 1746.
Admiral d'Anville set sail with the most powerful fleet of its day: 73 ships with 800 cannons and 13,000 troops.
D'Anville intended to: "expel the British from Nova Scotia, consign Boston to flames, ravage New England, and waste the British West Indies."
Massachusetts Governor William Shirley declared a Day of Prayer and Fasting, October 16, 1746, to pray for deliverance.
Boston citizens gathered in the Old South Meeting House, where Rev. Thomas Prince prayed:
"Send Thy tempest, Lord, upon the water ... scatter the ships of our tormentors!"
Historian Catherine Drinker Bowen related that as he finished praying, the sky darkened, winds shrieked and church bells rang
"a wild, uneven sound ... though no man was in the steeple."
A violent hurricane scattered the entire French fleet from Canada to the Caribbean.
Lightning struck several ships, igniting gunpowder magazines, causing explosions and fire.
With 2,000 dead, including Admiral d'Anville, and 4,000 sick with typhoid, French Vice-Admiral d'Estournelle threw himself on his sword.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote in his poem, The Ballad of the French Fleet:
"Admiral d'Anville had sworn by cross and crown,
To ravage with fire and steel our helpless Boston Town ...
There were rumors in the street, in the houses there was fear
Of the coming of the fleet, and the danger hovering near.
And while from mouth to mouth, spread the tidings of dismay,
I stood in the Old South (Church), saying humbly: 'Let us pray!'
'Oh Lord! we would not advise; but if in thy Providence
A tempest should arise, to drive the French Fleet hence,
And scatter it far and wide, or sink it in the sea,
We should be satisfied, and Thine the glory be ...'
Like a potter's vessel broke, the great ships of the line ...
Were carried away as smoke ... or sank in the brine."
A historical marker near Louisbourg read:
"In the autumn of 1746, Duc d'Anville's formidable but storm shattered expedition sent from France to recover Acadia, encamped along the shore.
While at Chebucto, d'Anville died and many of his men fell victims of fever.
Owing to the storms and disease the enterprise utterly failed."
This great deliverance encouraged Ben Franklin to organized Pennsylvania's first "volunteer" militia with 10,000 signing up.
This began Franklin's career of public service, as he became the most popular person in the colony.
Ben Franklin also propose a General Fast which was approved by Pennsylvania's Council and published in the Pennsylvania Gazette, December 12, 1747:
"The calamities of a bloody war ... seem every year more nearly to approach us ...
and there is just reason to fear that unless we humble ourselves before the Lord and amend our ways, we may be chastized with yet heavier judgments.
... We have ... thought fit ... to appoint ... a Day of Fasting & Prayer, exhorting all, both Ministers & People ... to join with one accord in the most humble & fervent supplications
that Almighty God would mercifully interpose and still the rage of war among the nations & put a stop to the effusion of Christian blood."
The threat of war was averted, Philadelphia was spared. Americans went on to fight in the French and Indian War, and then the Revolution to become a new nation.
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Thank you so much Mr, Federer! I The effort you make to keep our history alive is appreciated deeply. Although I think I know a lot of American History, you always teach something well worth reading, just like today. Best thing on Facebook!