Yale President Ezra Stiles stated in 1783:
"Most states of all ages ... have been founded in rapacity, usurpation and injustice ...
The Nimrods ... (were) the first invading tyrants of the ancient ages ... The spirit of conquest had changed the first governments ...
All succeeding ones have in general proved one continued series of injustice, which has reigned in all countries for almost 4,000 years."
The first invention was the plow. The Bible tells of Cain being a "tiller of the soil."
Then people started hitting each other with and they turned into weapons.
British philosopher Thomas Hobbes, in Leviathan (1651), wrote of man in his primitive state:
"Every man is enemy to every man ... Men live without other security than what their own strength ... (There was) ... no culture ... no society ...
And worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death ... The life of man (was) solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."
Insecurity for life and property caused people to gravitate together for protection.
When people who are threatened get together for mutual protection, one of them knows how to fight better than the rest, and everyone says, you be our captain to organize our defense.
The Book of Judges, chapter 10, gives an example of this:
"When the children of Ammon made war against Israel, the elders of Gilead went… unto Jephthah, 'Come, and be our captain, that we may fight with the children of Ammon.'"
When a captain organizes people to fight and they win, everyone tends to show preference to the captain's family.
The Book of Judges, chapter 8, has the account:
"Then the men of Israel said unto Gideon, 'Rule thou over us, both thou, and thy son, and thy son's son also: for thou hast delivered us from the hand of Midian.'"
Over time, the sons and grandsons claim to be an elite family, a political machine, giving out favors to their supporters and ostracizing their opponents.
Inevitably, one family member begins to act as a political boss, a gang leader, a despot, ... a king.
Even if a king concentrates power for the purpose of doing good more efficiently, after he dies, that power is passed on to his descendants who are tempted to use it oppressively.
The Book of Genesis, chapters 37-50, Joseph in Egypt helped concentrate power into the hands of the Pharaoh who used it for good, providing food for the children of Israel, giving them the best land of Goshen, and even employing them to care for his cattle.
But then there was a new Pharaoh "who did not know Joseph," and he used the concentrated power to oppress the children of Israel, making them throw their sons into the Nile River.
Boasting of concentrated power, King James I told Parliament in 1609:
"Kings are not only God's lieutenants upon earth and sit upon God's throne, but even by God himself they are called gods ...
Kings are compared to the head ... of the body of man ...
It is sedition in subjects to dispute what a king may do in the height of his power ...
The king is overlord of the whole land, so is he master over every person that inhabiteth the same, having power over the life and death of every one of them ... so the power flows always from himself."
France's Louis XIV, the "Sun King," reportedly stated:
"It is legal because I wish it";
and
"I am the State" ("L'État, c'est moi").
Santa Anna declared himself Mexico's dictator-for-life and insisted he be addressed by the title "Most Serene Highness."'
He wrote to U.S. minister to Mexico, Joel R. Poinsett:
"A hundred years to come my people will not be fit for liberty ... a despotism is the proper government for them."
Webster's 1828 Dictionary defines
"DESPOTISM:
1. Absolute power; authority unlimited and uncontrolled by men, constitution or laws, and depending alone on the will of the prince; as the despotism of a Turkish sultan.
2. An arbitrary government, as that of Turkey and Persia (Iran)."
Thomas Jefferson wrote to William Jarvis, September 28, 1820:
"You seem ... to consider the judges as the ultimate arbiters of all constitutional questions; a very dangerous doctrine indeed, and one which would place us under the DESPOTISM of an oligarchy ..."
Jefferson continued:
"Our judges are as honest as other men, and not more so .... and their power (is) the more dangerous, as they are in office for life and not responsible, as the other functionaries are, to the elective control.
The Constitution has erected NO SUCH SINGLE TRIBUNAL, knowing that to whatever hands confided, with corruptions of time and party, its members would become DESPOTS."
Thomas Jefferson wrote to Abigail Adams, September 11, 1804:
"Nothing in the Constitution has given them (judges) a right to decide for the Executive, more than to the Executive to decide for them ...
The opinion which gives to the judges the right to decide what laws are constitutional ... not only for themselves in their own sphere of action, but for the legislature and executive ... would make the judiciary a DESPOTIC BRANCH."
On OCTOBER 15, 1788, James Madison warned:
"As the COURTS are generally the last in making the decision, it results to them, by refusing or not refusing to execute a law, to stamp it with its final character.
This makes the Judiciary department paramount in fact to the Legislature, which was NEVER intended and can NEVER be proper."
On OCTOBER 15, 1991, the U.S. Senate confirmed Clarence Thomas as a Justice on the Supreme Court.
When questioned during the hearings by Senator Thurmond regarding judicial activism, Clarence Thomas replied:
"The role of a judge is a limited one. It is to ... interpret the Constitution, where called upon, but AT NO POINT to impose his or her will or ... opinion in that process."
Alexis de Tocqueville, author of Democracy in America, 1835, warned:
"The President, who exercises a limited power, may err without causing great mischief in the State.
Congress may decide amiss without destroying the Union, because the electoral body in which Congress originates may cause it to retract its decision by changing its members.
But IF THE SUPREME COURT is ever composed of IMPRUDENT MEN or BAD CITIZENS, the Union may be plunged into ANARCHY or CIVIL WAR."
The Union was plunged into a Civil War by Democrat appointed Justice Roger Taney, who gave the Supreme Court's infamous Dred Scott decision in 1857 that slaves were not citizens, but property.
President Abraham Lincoln alluded to this decision in his First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861:
"I do not forget the position assumed by some that constitutional questions are to be decided by the Supreme Court ...
The candid citizen must confess that if the policy of the Government upon vital questions affecting the whole people is to be irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court, the instant they are made ... THE PEOPLE will have CEASED to be THEIR OWN RULERS,
having to that extent practically resigned their Government into the hands of the eminent tribunal."
Jefferson warned Mr. Hammond in 1821:
"The germ of dissolution of our federal government is in ... the federal judiciary;
an irresponsible body ... working like gravity by night and by day, gaining a little today and a little tomorrow, and advancing its noiseless step like a thief, over the field of jurisdiction, until all shall be USURPED from the States."
Jefferson lamented, September 6, 1819:
"The Constitution is a mere thing of wax in the hands of the judiciary, which they may twist and shape into any form they please."
Jefferson explained to Supreme Court Justice William Johnson, June 12, 1823:
"On every question of construction, carry ourselves back to the time when the Constitution was adopted, recollect the spirit manifested in the debates,
and instead of trying what meaning may be SQUEEZED OUT out of the text, or INVENTED AGAINST IT, conform to the probable one in which it was passed ...
But the Chief Justice says, 'There must be an ULTIMATE ARBITER somewhere.' True, there must ... The ULTIMATE ARBITER is THE PEOPLE.""
Baron Montesquieu, the most quoted writer by the Framers of the Constitution, warned of the dangers of uncontrolled judicial power in his Spirit of the Laws, 1748:
"Nor is there liberty if the power of JUDGING is not separated from legislative power and from executive power.
If it were joined to legislative power, the power over life and liberty of the citizens would be arbitrary, for the JUDGE would be the legislator.
If it were joined to executive power, the JUDGE could have the force of an oppressor.
ALL WOULD BE LOST if the same ... body of men ... exercised these three powers."
President George Washington stated in his Farewell Address, 1796:
"The spirit of encroachment tends to consolidate the powers of all the departments in one, and thus to create, whatever the form of government, a real despotism ...
USURPATION ... though ... in one instance, may be the instrument of good, it is the customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed."
President James Monroe stated in his Inaugural 1817:
"When the people become ignorant and corrupt, when they degenerate ... they are incapable of exercising the sovereignty.
USURPATION is then an easy attainment, and an USURPER soon found."
President George Washington stated in his Farewell Address, September 17, 1796:
"And of fatal tendency ... to put, in the place of the delegated will of the Nation, the will of a party - often a small but artful and enterprising minority ...
They are likely, in the course of time and things, to become potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and unprincipled men will be enabled to SUBVERT the POWER OF THE PEOPLE and to USURP for themselves the reins of Government;
destroying afterwards the very engines which have lifted them to unjust dominion."
President William Henry Harrison warned in his Inaugural Address, 1841:
"The great danger to our institutions does ... appear to me to be ... the accumulation in one of the departments of that which was assigned to others.
Limited as are the powers which have been granted, still enough have been granted to constitute a DESPOTISM if concentrated in one of the departments."
World War I fighter Ace Eddie Rickenbacker told the Chicago Economic Club in 1961 (Eddie Rickenbacker: An American Hero in the Twentieth Century, by W. David Lewis, The John Hopkins University Press, 2005):
"Every time the liberals discover a brand new misinterpretation of the Constitution, every time they invent a new way to circumvent the constitutional limits of the Federal power,
they pile up more power in Washington at the expense of individual liberty across the land."
President Gerald Ford told delegates attending the Young Republican Conference, January 29, 1976:
"In my time in the Congress there was always a drive ... to concentrate power and authority in the Federal Government ... that the Federal Government knew how to do the job best and that it was better to undercut the role of locally elected officials ...
We piled program after program after program on the Federal Government ... We tried to control the lives of individuals ...
People who promoted this idea ... never seem to understand that a government big enough to give us everything we want is a government big enough to take from us everything we have."
Regarding the danger of concentrated power, Colonial leader John Cotton stated:
"For whatever transcendent POWER IS GIVEN, will certainly OVER-RUN those that GIVE IT ...
It is necessary therefore, that all power that is on earth be limited."
Mercy Otis Warren in wrote in Observations on the new Constitution, & on the Federal and State Conventions, 1788:
"The origin of all power is in the people ... They have an incontestable right to check the creatures of their own creation ...
And if certain selected bodies of men ... determine contrary to the wishes and expectations of their constituents, the people have an undoubted right to reject their decisions."
James Madison stated at the Constitutional Convention, 1787:
"All men having POWER ought to be distrusted."
John Adams wrote in his notes from an oration at Braintree, Massachusetts, Spring 1772:
"There is danger from all men.
The only maxim of a free government ought to be to trust no man living with the power to endanger the public liberty."
President Andrew Jackson, July 10, 1832, stated in his Bank Renewal Bill Veto:
"It is easy to conceive that great evils to our country and its institutions might flow from such a CONCENTRATION OF POWER in the hands of a few men irresponsible to the people.
Mere precedent is a dangerous source of authority, and should not be regarded as deciding questions of constitutional power."
James Madison summed up the dilemma in Federalist Paper #51:
"In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this:
you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself."
President Andrew Jackson stated in his Seventh Annual Message, December 7, 1835:
"All history tells us that a free people should be watchful of delegated power,
and should never acquiesce in a practice which will diminish their control over it."
Lord Acton, April 5, 1887, wrote in a letter to Bishop Mandell Creighton:
"All power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely."
President Woodrow Wilson stated in 1912:
"Concentration of power always precedes the destruction of human liberties."
Franklin Roosevelt stated of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, February 10, 1940:
"The Soviet Union ... is run by a dictatorship as absolute as any other dictatorship in the world."
President Millard Fillmore, December 6, 1852, explained of America's founding freedoms:
"They were planted in the free charters of self-government under which the English colonies grew up ...
European nations have had no such training for self-government, and every effort to establish it by bloody revolutions has been, and must without that preparation continue to be, a failure."
President Franklin Pierce stated in his Inaugural Address, March 4, 1853:
"The dangers of a CONCENTRATION OF ALL POWER in the General government of a confederacy so vast as ours are too obvious to be disregarded ...
Liberty rests upon a proper distribution of power between the State and Federal authorities."
President William Henry Harrison stated in his Inaugural, March 4, 1841:
"The tendency of power to increase itself ... would terminate in virtual monarchy."
President Harry S Truman stated April 3, 1951:
"Without a firm moral foundation, freedom degenerates quickly into selfishness and ... anarchy.
Then there will be freedom only for the rapacious and ... more unscrupulous than the rank and file of the people."
Describing America's colonial founding, President Franklin Roosevelt stated in 1939:
"Rulers ... increase(d) their power over the common men.
The seamen they sent to find gold found instead the way of escape for the common man from those rulers."
Yale President Ezra Stiles stated in 1783:
"All the forms of civil polity have been tried by mankind, except one: and that seems to have been reserved in Providence to be realized in America."
Secretary of State Daniel Webster stated in 1852:
"Are we of this generation so derelict, have we so little of the blood of our revolutionary fathers coursing through our veins, that we cannot preserve, what they achieved?
The world will cry out 'shame' upon us, if we show ourselves unworthy, to be the descendants of those great and illustrious ... men, who fought for their liberty, and secured it to their posterity, by the Constitution of the United States ..."
Webster concluded:
"The Constitution has enemies, secret and professed ...
Friends of the Constitution must rally and unite ...
I hardly know ... the manner of our political death ...
We shall die no lingering death ... An earthquake would shake the foundations of the globe, pull down the pillars of heaven, and bury us at once in endless darkness.
May I never live, to see that day!
May I not survive to hear any apocalyptic angel, crying through the heavens, with such a voice as announced the fall of Babylon."
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